{"id":5214,"date":"2025-01-07T14:32:58","date_gmt":"2025-01-07T13:32:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/patologie\/melanomas\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T11:28:10","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T10:28:10","slug":"melanomas","status":"publish","type":"pathology","link":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/","title":{"rendered":"Melanomas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"pathology\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Pathology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Melanoma<\/strong> is a <strong>skin cancer<\/strong> that originates from <strong>melanocytes<\/strong>, the cells responsible for the production of melanin, the pigment that protects us from the sun&#8217;s rays and makes our skin tan. Under normal conditions melanocytes form moles (or <em>nevi<\/em>), but in some cases they can turn into cancer cells and give rise to melanoma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is a less frequent form than other skin cancers, but it is the most aggressive and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Melanoma can arise either on intact skin or from preexisting, congenital or acquired nevi. It is rare in children, but in recent decades there has been a significant reduction in the average age at diagnosis: <strong>today it is one of the most common cancers even in young adults under 30.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types  <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Clinically, <strong>four main forms of cutaneous melanoma<\/strong> are distinguished:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Superficial spreading melanoma<\/strong>: the most frequent (about 70% of cases), it initially grows horizontally;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Lentigo maligna melanoma<\/strong>: usually appears in older age, in areas most exposed to the sun;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Acral lentiginous melanoma<\/strong>: rarer, affecting palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or subungual regions;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nodular melanoma<\/strong>: the most aggressive (10-15% of cases), it grows in depth from the early stages.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>There are also <strong>rarer forms of <\/strong>melanoma that can originate from the eye<strong>(uveal mel<\/strong>anoma) or mucous membranes<strong>(mucosal melanoma)<\/strong>, such as that of the gastrointestinal or genital tracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The numbers in Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.registri-tumori.it\/cms\/pubblicazioni\/i-numeri-del-cancro-italia-2023\"><strong>AIRTUM<\/strong> (Italian Association of Cancer Registries)<strong>registry<\/strong><\/a>, in 2024 in Italy melanoma was the <strong>third most frequent cancer before the age of 50 <\/strong>in both sexes. There were an estimated <strong>12,941 new diagnoses<\/strong> last year (7,059 men and 5,872 women). This type of <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/aree-mediche\/chirurgia-dei-tumori-della-pelle\/\">skin cancer<\/a> affects one in 55 men and one in 73 women in our country.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Symptoms<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Melanoma, especially in its early stages, <strong>does not cause symptoms<\/strong>. Only in some cases may itching, serum loss, or minor bleeding appear, usually associated with a more advanced stage of the disease. For this reason,<strong>regular observation of the skin<\/strong> by self-examination remains essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most important sign that melanoma may be suspected is a <strong>noticeable change in the appearance of an existing mole<\/strong> or the <strong>appearance of a new skin lesion<\/strong>. Not all moles are dangerous, but some signs deserve attention and should be evaluated by a specialist. To help distinguish a &#8220;suspicious&#8221; mole from a benign one, the <strong>5-letter<\/strong> rule is used <strong>: ABCDE<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>A &#8211; Asymmetry<\/strong>: benign moles are usually round and regular in shape; in melanomas, the shape may appear irregular and nonsymmetrical;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>B &#8211; Edges<\/strong>: jagged, blurred or ill-defined edges may be a sign of risk;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>C &#8211; Color<\/strong>: A uniform mole tends to be harmless, while the presence of multiple shades (brown, black, red, gray, or whitish) in the same lesion may be indicative;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>D &#8211; Size<\/strong>: a progressive increase in diameter or thickness, even by a few millimeters, should always be controlled;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>E &#8211; Evolution<\/strong>: a mole that rapidly changes shape, color or size should always be reported to the doctor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"risk-factors\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Risk factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Melanoma is a <strong>multifactorial disease<\/strong>, that is, caused by the interaction of genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Knowing the main risk factors is crucial for prevention:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>family history and genetics:<\/strong> about <strong>10% of patients with melanoma<\/strong> have at least one first-degree relative who has developed the same disease. In a proportion of these cases (about 20%) there is an inherited mutation in susceptibility genes, such as <strong>CDKN2A<\/strong>, which produces two proteins (p16 and p14) with a key role in controlling cell growth. In summary, about <strong>2% of all melanomas<\/strong> are related to a known genetic defect that is passed on in the family;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sun exposure and sunburn:<\/strong> the sun is one of the most significant risk factors. It&#8217;s not just how much exposure one gets, but also <strong>how and when<\/strong>. Intermittent and prolonged exposure increases the risk more than constant exposure. Exposure in <strong>childhood or adolescence<\/strong> carries a higher risk than in adulthood. Finally, a history of <strong>sunburn<\/strong> doubles the likelihood of developing melanoma, especially if the episodes occurred as children. In general, the risk increases with the number of sunburns accumulated over a lifetime;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>tanning <\/strong> <strong>lamps and sunbeds<\/strong>: the use of <strong>UV lamps and sunbeds<\/strong> is associated with a significantly increased risk of melanoma. The danger is even greater for those who undergo many sessions or start using them at a young age, especially <strong>before the age of 35<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>moles <strong>(nevi):<\/strong> the number and characteristics of moles are important risk indicators: having many <strong>common moles<\/strong>, or the presence of <strong>atypical moles<\/strong>,are all elements that increase the likelihood of developing melanoma;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>individual characteristics:<\/strong> certain physical traits increase susceptibility: people with <strong>fair skin<\/strong>, <strong>light eyes and hair<\/strong>, and phototype I\/II have about <strong>twice<\/strong> the risk of those with olive or dark skin, dark eyes and hair, and phototype IV.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Primary prevention<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Primary prevention aims to <strong>prevent the occurrence of melanoma<\/strong> by reducing exposure to risk factors. The main recommendations are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Limit exposure to sunlight<\/strong>, especially during the middle hours of the day;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Avoid sunburn<\/strong>, particularly in children and young people;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Do not use tanning lamps or tanning beds<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Always protect the skin with suitable sunscreen, clothing and sunglasses.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Adopting these behaviors does not mean giving up the outdoors, but taking care of your skin and concretely reducing the risk of melanoma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"diagnosis-and-examination\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Diagnosis and examination<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Cutaneous melanoma<\/strong> in most cases develops on <strong>apparently healthy skin<\/strong>, while in a minority of people it arises from the <strong>transformation of a preexisting nevus<\/strong> (a mole). It can appear in any part of the body, but has more frequent sites on the trunk (especially in men) and lower limbs (especially in women).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Skin lesions that are considered suspicious should always be carefully evaluated using <strong>proper lighting<\/strong> and specific diagnostic tools such as <strong>dermoscopy<\/strong>, which allows observation of details not visible to the naked eye.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c50a3927efb\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Early identification<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"174\" data-end=\"353\">Early detection of cutaneous melanoma relies on<strong data-start=\"233\" data-end=\"265\">careful observation of moles<\/strong> and other pigmented skin lesions. Signs not to be overlooked include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"354\" data-end=\"516\">\n<li data-start=\"354\" data-end=\"392\">\n<p data-start=\"356\" data-end=\"392\">uneven color variations;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"393\" data-end=\"429\">\n<p data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"429\">Differences in shape and symmetry;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"430\" data-end=\"466\">\n<p data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"466\">Irregular or jagged edges;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"467\" data-end=\"516\">\n<p data-start=\"469\" data-end=\"516\">Changes in the appearance of the mole over time.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"603\">To simplify recognition, the<strong data-start=\"591\" data-end=\"600\">ABCDE<\/strong> teaching rule is used:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"923\">\n<li data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"664\">\n<p data-start=\"606\" data-end=\"664\"><strong data-start=\"606\" data-end=\"611\">A<\/strong> &#8211; Asymmetry: half of the mole is not the same as the other;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"665\" data-end=\"725\">\n<p data-start=\"667\" data-end=\"725\"><strong data-start=\"667\" data-end=\"672\">B<\/strong> &#8211; Edges: irregular, jagged or ill-defined;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"793\">\n<p data-start=\"728\" data-end=\"793\"><strong data-start=\"728\" data-end=\"733\">C<\/strong> &#8211; Color: presence of different shades in the same mole;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"794\" data-end=\"849\">\n<p data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"849\"><strong data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"801\">D<\/strong> &#8211; Size: greater than 6 mm or increasing;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"850\" data-end=\"923\">\n<p data-start=\"852\" data-end=\"923\"><strong data-start=\"852\" data-end=\"857\">E<\/strong> &#8211; Evolution: rapid changes in shape, color or size.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"925\" data-end=\"1098\">Another useful criterion is the &#8220;ugly duckling&#8221; rule: a<strong> mole that looks different from others<\/strong> on the body, darker or unusual, always deserves attention.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1546\">However, it is important to know that the ABCDE rule does not always succeed in detecting smaller melanomas, those without pigment (amelanotic) or some special forms such as <strong data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1306\">nodular melanoma<\/strong>. The latter accounts for about 10-30% of all melanomas, grows rapidly in depth, and often presents as a compact nodule with regular borders and uniform color: because of these very characteristics it can escape ABCDE.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1658\">Therefore, in nodular melanoma the evaluation criteria are different and are summarized in two acronyms:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1659\" data-end=\"1836\">\n<li data-start=\"1659\" data-end=\"1746\">\n<p data-start=\"1661\" data-end=\"1746\"><strong data-start=\"1661\" data-end=\"1668\">EFG<\/strong>: Elevated (raised), Firm (hard to the touch), Growing (fast growing);<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1747\" data-end=\"1836\">\n<p data-start=\"1749\" data-end=\"1836\"><strong data-start=\"1749\" data-end=\"1755\">3C<\/strong>: Irregular Color, Irregular Contour (edge), Change (change over time).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1838\" data-end=\"2112\">Early diagnosis is critical, especially in older people, because this form has more aggressive behavior. Regular skin monitoring and a dermatologic examination when suspected remains the safest strategy for early diagnosis.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Self-examination<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"148\" data-end=\"425\"><strong data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"175\">Skin self-examination<\/strong>, performed by the patient alone, with the help of family members or using two mirrors, is a very useful tool: it allows early detection of most melanomas and is considered a true <strong data-start=\"400\" data-end=\"422\">predictor<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"732\" data-end=\"777\">How to properly perform self-examination:<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"778\" data-end=\"1153\">\n<li data-start=\"778\" data-end=\"882\">\n<p data-start=\"780\" data-end=\"882\">Carry it out <strong data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"810\">periodically<\/strong>, preferably after bathing or showering, when the skin is clean;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"883\" data-end=\"1018\">\n<p data-start=\"885\" data-end=\"1018\">Choose a <strong data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"924\">well-lit room<\/strong> with a full-length mirror, and keep a portable mirror available;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1153\">\n<p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1153\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">learn where congenital &#8216;birthmarks&#8217;, moles, and spots are located, what they look like, and what their consistency is;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1153\">\n<p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1153\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Check carefully if a mole is different in size, shape, texture, or color from the previous time or if there is an ulcer that does not heal;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1153\">\n<p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1153\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scrutinize themselves carefully from head to toe, not neglecting a single square inch of skin;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1153\">\n<p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1153\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Look in the mirror at the front and back and lift the arms to examine the armpits as well;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1153\">\n<p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1153\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bend the elbow and look closely at the fingernail, palm, forearm (including the back) and arm. Repeat on the other arm;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1153\">\n<p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1153\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Examine the legs at the front, back, and sides. Also look between the buttocks and around the genitals;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1153\">\n<p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1153\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sit down and carefully examine the feet, including nails, soles, and spaces between toes;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1153\">\n<p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1153\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Carefully scrutinize face, neck, ears and scalp. Shake out the hair with a comb or hair dryer, or even better ask for help from a family member or friend as it is not easy to examine the scalp alone.  <\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Control of nevi with dermoscopy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"190\" data-end=\"489\">Today, the diagnosis of melanoma uses not only clinical examination but also innovative tools that have opened new perspectives, particularly for <strong data-start=\"349\" data-end=\"369\">subtle melanomas<\/strong> and for forms that do not clearly show the classic clinical parameters of ABCDE.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"491\" data-end=\"934\"><strong data-start=\"494\" data-end=\"528\">Epiluminescence microscopy<\/strong>, also known as <strong data-start=\"552\" data-end=\"567\">dermoscopy<\/strong>, is a simple, noninvasive and painless examination. Using a special camera or magnifying eyepiece, the specialist can observe the pigment distribution within the lesion, assess its characteristics, and determine whether it is a risk lesion. Based on the result, it can then indicate the most appropriate course of treatment.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"936\" data-end=\"1096\">Dermoscopy is also particularly useful for <strong data-start=\"985\" data-end=\"1081\">early detection of pigmented lesions that are more likely to develop into<\/strong> melanoma.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1098\" data-end=\"1362\">If you notice anything unusual on your skin during a personal checkup, it is essential to <strong data-start=\"1189\" data-end=\"1258\">contact your primary care physician or a specialist without hesitation<\/strong>: early evaluation is the first step toward early diagnosis and thus more effective treatments.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Excisional biopsy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"220\" data-end=\"696\">When a skin lesion is considered suspicious for melanoma, the first step is <strong data-start=\"308\" data-end=\"332\">excisional biopsy<\/strong>. This is a small operation that involves complete removal of the lesion along with a margin of about 2 millimeters of healthy skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue. This makes it possible to obtain an <strong data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"584\">accurate histopathological diagnosis<\/strong>, which is essential for defining all prognostic parameters and planning the subsequent therapeutic strategy.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"698\" data-end=\"900\">After biopsy, surgical treatment of primary melanoma is completed by <strong data-start=\"788\" data-end=\"819\">widening the excision<\/strong>, the margin of which depends on the thickness of the lesion observed under the microscope.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"902\" data-end=\"955\">Sentinel lymph node: an essential step<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"1399\">Another crucial moment in the management of melanoma is the search for the <strong data-start=\"1027\" data-end=\"1051\">sentinel<\/strong> lymph node, which is the first lymph node that receives lymph from the tumor area.<br data-start=\"1121\" data-end=\"1124\">This minimally invasive procedure makes it possible to assess whether cancer cells have begun to spread and to detect early patients with nonpalpable lymph node metastases who may need a complete lymph node dissection.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1401\" data-end=\"1525\">The <strong data-start=\"1404\" data-end=\"1447\">risk of lymph node involvement<\/strong> is closely related to the thickness of the melanoma and the presence of mitosis:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1526\" data-end=\"1723\">\n<li data-start=\"1526\" data-end=\"1601\">\n<p data-start=\"1528\" data-end=\"1601\">With a thickness of less than 1 mm, lymph node involvement is rare;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1602\" data-end=\"1679\">\n<p data-start=\"1604\" data-end=\"1679\">between 1.5 and 4 mm, the probability of lymph node metastasis is around 25%;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1680\" data-end=\"1723\">\n<p data-start=\"1682\" data-end=\"1723\">Beyond 4 mm, it can be up to 60%.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1790\">When sentinel lymph node biopsy (BLS) is indicated<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"2154\">\n<li data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"1890\">\n<p data-start=\"1793\" data-end=\"1890\">In <strong data-start=\"1808\" data-end=\"1840\">intermediate-thickness<\/strong> melanomas <strong data-start=\"1808\" data-end=\"1840\">(1-4 mm)<\/strong>, where the probability of metastasis is 10-20%;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1891\" data-end=\"1975\">\n<p data-start=\"1893\" data-end=\"1975\">In <strong data-start=\"1908\" data-end=\"1936\">thick<\/strong> melanomas <strong data-start=\"1908\" data-end=\"1936\">(&gt;<\/strong> 4 <strong data-start=\"1908\" data-end=\"1936\">mm)<\/strong>, with a risk of more than 30-40%;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1976\" data-end=\"2154\">\n<p data-start=\"1978\" data-end=\"2154\">In <strong data-start=\"1991\" data-end=\"2010\">thin<\/strong> melanomas <strong data-start=\"1991\" data-end=\"2010\">(&lt;<\/strong> 1 <strong data-start=\"1991\" data-end=\"2010\">mm)<\/strong>, BLS is not routinely indicated, but can be discussed with the patient in the presence of particular clinical or histologic risk factors.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Staging<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"189\" data-end=\"341\">To determine the <strong data-start=\"206\" data-end=\"229\">stage of melanoma<\/strong> and then plan the most appropriate treatment, physicians collect and integrate different types of information:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"343\" data-end=\"717\">\n<li data-start=\"343\" data-end=\"444\">\n<p data-start=\"345\" data-end=\"444\"><strong data-start=\"345\" data-end=\"357\">clinical<\/strong>: derived from physical and instrumental examinations (e.g., X-rays, CT scans, MRIs);<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"717\">\n<p data-start=\"447\" data-end=\"717\"><strong data-start=\"447\" data-end=\"462\">pathological<\/strong>: come from biopsies, which allow analysis of tumor depth (Breslow thickness, Clark level), presence of ulceration, growth rate (mitotic count), and possible involvement of lymph nodes or other organs.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"775\">The main factors considered in staging<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"777\" data-end=\"2305\">\n<li data-start=\"777\" data-end=\"1131\">\n<p data-start=\"779\" data-end=\"1131\"><strong data-start=\"779\" data-end=\"802\">Tumor thickness: <\/strong>measures how deeply the melanoma has penetrated the skin. <strong data-start=\"887\" data-end=\"898\">Breslow<\/strong> thickness, now the standard, is more accurate than the old Clark level method and is a key indicator of prognosis: the greater the thickness, the higher the risk of spread to lymph nodes or other organs;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1133\" data-end=\"1442\">\n<p data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1442\"><strong data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1150\">ulceration: <\/strong>occurs when the superficial skin layer (epidermis) covering the melanoma is not intact. This is not a wound visible to the naked eye, but a mark observable only under a microscope. The presence of ulceration increases the likelihood of disease spread;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1659\" data-end=\"2007\">\n<p data-start=\"1661\" data-end=\"1720\"><strong data-start=\"1661\" data-end=\"1686\">Lymph node metastasis: <\/strong>can be of two types:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1723\" data-end=\"2007\">\n<li data-start=\"1723\" data-end=\"1826\">\n<p data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1826\"><em data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1741\">Micrometastases<\/em>: not visible to the naked eye, identified by sentinel lymph node biopsy;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1829\" data-end=\"2007\">\n<p data-start=\"1831\" data-end=\"2007\"><em data-start=\"1831\" data-end=\"1847\">Macrometastases<\/em>: detectable by touch during examination or visible to the naked eye by the surgeon or pathologist. In both cases, the diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2009\" data-end=\"2305\">\n<p data-start=\"2011\" data-end=\"2305\"><strong data-start=\"2011\" data-end=\"2046\">Distant metastasis sites: <\/strong>melanoma can spread to areas far from the initial site. If metastases affect the skin, subcutaneous tissue, or distant lymph nodes, the prognosis is generally better than when they affect vital organs or other internal tissues.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"therapies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Therapies<\/h2>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c50a3927ffd\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Surgery<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"411\"><strong data-start=\"162\" data-end=\"187\">Surgery<\/strong> is the first step in the treatment of most melanomas and, in many cases, the only one necessary. It is also used during <strong data-start=\"333\" data-end=\"358\">lymph node biopsy<\/strong> and in the treatment of advanced melanomas.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"413\" data-end=\"442\">Wide local excision<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"443\" data-end=\"669\">Wide local excision is used to remove any possible cancer cells remaining after biopsy. This is the standard procedure for melanomas <strong data-start=\"583\" data-end=\"594\">in situ<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"616\">stage I and II<\/strong>, and in most <strong data-start=\"652\" data-end=\"666\">stage III<\/strong> cases.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"671\" data-end=\"1092\">During the surgery, the surgeon removes the part of the skin affected by the tumor, including the biopsy site, and takes an <strong data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"829\">area of surrounding skin<\/strong> and subcutaneous tissue, called the <strong data-start=\"866\" data-end=\"888\">surgical margin<\/strong>, to make sure all cancer cells are removed. The width of the margin depends on the <strong data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1022\">thickness of the primary tumor<\/strong>, that is, how deeply the melanoma has penetrated the skin.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1094\" data-end=\"1163\">Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with lymphatic mapping<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1164\" data-end=\"1438\"><strong data-start=\"1167\" data-end=\"1203\">Sentinel lymph node biopsy<\/strong> is critical to assess whether the melanoma has spread to the lymph nodes. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from the area affected by the tumor and is therefore the most likely to contain cancer cells.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1440\" data-end=\"1837\">The procedure includes <strong data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1487\">lymphatic mapping<\/strong>, which guides the surgeon in visually identifying the lymph node to be removed. To do this, a <strong data-start=\"1626\" data-end=\"1643\">blue dye<\/strong>, often combined with a small amount of radioactive substance, is injected into the skin near the tumor. This allows the surgeon to precisely locate the sentinel lymph node, minimizing the invasiveness of the surgery.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1839\" data-end=\"2070\">Wide local excision and sentinel lymph node biopsy are complementary procedures that allow accurate planning of the subsequent course of treatment, increasing the likelihood of complete healing.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1839\" data-end=\"2070\"><strong>Lymph node dissection<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1839\" data-end=\"2070\">In some patients in whom melanoma cells are already evident at the lymph node level, surgery aimed at removing all lymph nodes already affected by melanoma may be indicated.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Molecularly targeted therapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"598\" data-end=\"872\">These drugs act <strong data-start=\"622\" data-end=\"663\">selectively on cancer cells<\/strong>, recognizing specific genetic mutations underlying melanoma, without harming healthy cells. Identifying the mutation present in the tumor is critical because it determines the response to therapy. The most common mutations are:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"1455\">\n<li data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"1248\">\n<p data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"1248\"><strong data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"916\">BRAF<\/strong>, present <strong>in about half of melanomas<\/strong>. Patients with this mutation can receive BRAF inhibitors in combination with MEK inhibitors. The combination of the two drugs has been shown to be more effective, with fewer side effects and a slowdown in the development of resistance by cancer cells;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1249\" data-end=\"1455\">\n<p data-start=\"1251\" data-end=\"1455\"><strong data-start=\"1251\" data-end=\"1260\">c-KIT<\/strong>, present in about 1-3% of melanomas, especially those of the mucous membranes, face, hands and feet. These cases may benefit from targeted tablet drugs such as <strong data-start=\"1424\" data-end=\"1436\">imatinib<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These molecularly targeted drugs can be used effectively in both metastatic patients and operated patients with high-risk melanoma to reduce the risk of recurrence. In the latter case, therapy is limited to one year. Recent studies have also shown how in some particular situations the use of immunotherapy before the surgical stage can further reduce the risk of recurrence.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1457\" data-end=\"1503\">Side effects<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1504\" data-end=\"1639\">Side effects vary from person to person, but are generally manageable with supportive medications. The most common include joint pain and fatigue, skin redness and itching, skin dryness, photosensitivity (it is important to protect oneself from sunlight, even indirectly by using high-protection creams and opaque clothing, skin formations such as keratoses or keratoacanthomas, sometimes even squamous cell carcinoma, which must be surgically removed but have a benign course, fever due to the action of the drugs, generally resolvable with temporary withdrawal of therapy (2-3 days) and antipyretics.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"2183\" data-end=\"2346\">These controls and precautions allow <strong data-start=\"2228\" data-end=\"2277\">side effects<\/strong> to be <strong data-start=\"2228\" data-end=\"2277\">effectively managed<\/strong>, ensuring that the patient receives maximum benefit from the targeted therapy.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Immunotherapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"199\" data-end=\"493\">Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy or biotherapy, harnesses the body&#8217;s natural defenses to fight melanoma. This is done through drugs called <strong data-start=\"374\" data-end=\"399\">monoclonal antibodies<\/strong>, which act on the immune system to make it more effective against cancer cells.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"511\">Ipilimumab<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"727\"><strong data-start=\"514\" data-end=\"528\">Ipilimumab<\/strong> is a monoclonal antibody that blocks the <strong data-start=\"579\" data-end=\"589\">CTLA-4<\/strong> protein, a natural brake on the immune system. To understand how it works, we can compare the immune system to a car. <strong data-start=\"732\" data-end=\"748\">Accelerator<\/strong> stimulates the immune response, <strong data-start=\"788\" data-end=\"798\">steering<\/strong> directs the response against cancer cells, and <strong data-start=\"852\" data-end=\"861\">brake<\/strong>, represented by CTLA-4, limits the speed to avoid damage to healthy tissues. Melanoma exploits this brake to escape the immune system. Ipilimumab &#8220;removes the brake,&#8221; allowing the immune system to act more rapidly against cancer cells.<br \/>\nAdministration is intravenous, in <strong data-start=\"1170\" data-end=\"1186\">day hospital<\/strong>, for 4 cycles at 3-week intervals.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1232\" data-end=\"1255\">PD-1 inhibitors<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1256\" data-end=\"1567\">Drugs that block the <strong data-start=\"1282\" data-end=\"1300\">PD-1 receptor<\/strong> ((Nivolumab or Pembrolizumab) have shown greater efficacy than Ipilimumab, even in patients who do not respond to the latter. PD-1 represents another powerful brake on the immune response that cancer cells exploit to survive. Recently, the use of other drugs that act by boosting the immune system, such as the anti-LAG3 Relatlimab in combination with Nivolumab, has also been shown to be an effective strategy in treating patients with melanoma.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1675\" data-end=\"1704\">Drug combinations<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1705\" data-end=\"1948\">Recent studies have shown that the <strong data-start=\"1743\" data-end=\"1786\">combination of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1<\/strong> offers greater clinical efficacy than the use of the individual drugs. However, this strategy may cause <strong data-start=\"1901\" data-end=\"1945\">more frequent and more serious adverse events<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1705\" data-end=\"1948\">These immunotherapy drugs can be used effectively in both metastatic patients and operated patients with high-risk melanoma to reduce the risk of recurrence. In the latter case, therapy is limited to one year. Recent studies have also shown how in some particular situations the use of immunotherapy before the surgical stage can further reduce the risk of recurrence.<\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"1950\" data-end=\"1994\">Side effects of immunotherapy<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">  Most frequent side effects caused by immunotherapy are redness and itching, colitis, diarrhea, increased transaminases, impaired or reduced function of endocrine glands (especially thyroid and pituitary). These side effects are treated with cortisone or other drugs that block excessive activation of the immune system. It is important, in case of side effects, to immediately contact the referring treating team (oncology physicians, nurses) to immediately start the indicated therapy (usually cortisone-based).  <\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Radiotherapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"523\">The treatment of melanoma, as with many other cancer diseases, can combine several therapeutic strategies: <strong data-start=\"263\" data-end=\"332\">surgery, radiation therapy, and other systemic therapies<\/strong>. Planning for these interventions takes place within the <strong data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"438\">Multidisciplinary Pathology Group<\/strong>, ensuring individualized pathways tailored to each patient&#8217;s needs.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"691\"><strong data-start=\"528\" data-end=\"544\">Radiation therapy<\/strong> uses <strong data-start=\"554\" data-end=\"594\">high-energy radiation (X-rays)<\/strong> to damage the DNA of cancer cells, preventing their growth and promoting their death.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"693\" data-end=\"796\">In melanoma, radiotherapy is mainly indicated in <strong data-start=\"760\" data-end=\"781\">advanced disease<\/strong>, for example:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"797\" data-end=\"1090\">\n<li data-start=\"797\" data-end=\"920\">\n<p data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"920\">To <strong data-start=\"803\" data-end=\"850\">control the growth of tumor lesions<\/strong> that no longer respond to systemic treatments (oligoprogression);<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"921\" data-end=\"989\">\n<p data-start=\"923\" data-end=\"989\">To <strong data-start=\"927\" data-end=\"971\">treat symptomatic secondary injuries<\/strong>, such as pain;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1090\">\n<p data-start=\"992\" data-end=\"1090\">to <strong data-start=\"996\" data-end=\"1039\">limit the risk of functional damage<\/strong> in delicate areas of the body, such as bones or brain.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1092\" data-end=\"1157\">The radiation therapy pathway has three main phases:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"1158\" data-end=\"1533\">\n<li data-start=\"1158\" data-end=\"1277\">\n<p data-start=\"1161\" data-end=\"1277\"><strong data-start=\"1161\" data-end=\"1184\">Initial consultation<\/strong>: the radiation oncologist assesses the need for treatment and identifies the most appropriate strategy;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1278\" data-end=\"1401\">\n<p data-start=\"1281\" data-end=\"1401\"><strong data-start=\"1281\" data-end=\"1299\">planning<\/strong>: the radiation therapist, together with the medical physicist, precisely defines the doses and the area to be treated;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1402\" data-end=\"1533\">\n<p data-start=\"1405\" data-end=\"1533\"><strong data-start=\"1405\" data-end=\"1435\">Treatment execution<\/strong>: the medical radiology technician administers the sessions under the supervision of the radiation oncologist.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"1535\" data-end=\"1700\">Throughout the journey, <strong data-start=\"1562\" data-end=\"1607\">physicians, nurses and ancillary staff<\/strong> are available to the patient to provide information, support and ongoing assistance.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"ongoing-support\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Ongoing support<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At our institute, we guarantee <strong>constant support before, during and after treatment <\/strong>to accompany each patient throughout the entire course of treatment and recovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c50a3928094\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Management of side effects<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>All cancer treatments involve side effects that impact the patient&#8217;s quality of life more or less severely.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The physicians and nurses on the multidisciplinary team are available<\/strong> to provide the <strong>patient<\/strong> with all the support he or she needs to manage the various side effects he or she will face both in the course of treatment and in resuming normal activities.<\/p>\n<p>Physiotherapists for functional recovery, nutritionists for nutrition support, palliative physicians for pain control, and psychologists assist the patient in the course of treatment, rehabilitation, and follow-up.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Psychological support  <\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The impact of cancer in a person&#8217;s life also affects the psychological sphere: in fact, falling ill with cancer is always a<\/span><b> traumatic event that affects all dimensions of the person<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and can generate anxiety, fear, anger, depression.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In our institute, alongside cutting-edge therapies, the treatment and care pathway always includes a <\/span><b>qualified psycho-oncological support <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">that helps the patient cope positively not only with treatment but also with the delicate phase of physical and psychological recovery.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is also possible to participate in<\/span><b> psychological support groups <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">to engage with other people who have gone through or are going through the same experience.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Direct line to specialists<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To ensure <\/span><b>timely and direct support<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and receive timely answers to concerns and questions, a dedicated support service is in place at the Candiolo Institute for all patients.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">From Monday to Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., you can <\/span><b>contact the secretariat of the oncology day hospital<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at 011.993.3775, reporting the need for urgent consultation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The patient will be <\/span><b>quickly put in touch with his or her medical specialist<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to receive clear answers and immediate support.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Continuing and palliative care<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The cancer patient is a person with <\/span><b>complex needs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that requires <\/span><b>multidisciplinary support<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> not only for the cancer disease, but also for all related issues.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the Candiolo Institute, patients who need or require it have access to <\/span><b>specialists in different areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to receive nutritional support, physical therapy, pain therapy and management of other associated conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Social work<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Social Service Department of the Candiolo Institute conducts <\/span><b>information and orientation interviews to patients and their families<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on how to access services in the area and how to obtain welfare and social security benefits provided by law (disability, benefits for aids and prostheses, work leave, etc.).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The service operates on Wednesdays and Fridays from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. (phone: 011 9933059).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Follow up<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p>With the conclusion of the course of treatment, the follow-up period begins during which, through a <strong>series of examinations and visits, the side effects of the therapies performed and their effectiveness are monitored<\/strong> and the patient&#8217;s functional recovery is assessed.<\/p>\n<p>Follow-up examinations are<strong> especially<\/strong> important<strong> to intercept any recurrence early<\/strong> so that appropriate therapy can be intervened. For the patient, they are also a valuable opportunity for dialogue with their medical specialist.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>It is the same specialist doctor who schedules follow-up visits, in which the patient&#8217;s health condition is assessed and the required test reports are viewed.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Checkups are carried out at scheduled intervals for the duration of 5-10 years.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>They have a shorter cadence at first (three to six months), then gradually thin out over time.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"interdisciplinary-group\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Interdisciplinary Group<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Every cancer requires, in all phases of disease management, a<strong> multidisciplinary approach<\/strong> that at the Candiolo Institute is guaranteed by a team of different specialists, belonging to the various clinical and surgical departments of the Institute: this team is called GIC (Interdisciplinary Care Group). The GIC ensures that<strong> each patient is taken care of throughout the diagnostic-therapeutic process<\/strong>, including prescribing and booking examinations and communicating with the patient and his or her family members. The GIC defines and shares a <strong>personalized care pathway<\/strong> for each patient, based not only on the type and stage of the tumor, but also on the patient&#8217;s own characteristics. The goal is to ensure that he or she has the best outcome both oncologically and functionally and that a good quality of life is maintained.The Group also<strong> works closely with researchers<\/strong> at the Institute to ensure that patients have rapid access to the latest research-produced innovations in screening, diagnosis and treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-divisions\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical divisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Candiolo melanoma diagnostic and therapeutic pathway involves several clinical divisions, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/skin-tumor-surgery\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5126\">Skin Tumor Surgery<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/reconstructive-plastic-surgery\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5159\">Reconstructive Plastic Surgery<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/medical-oncology\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5169\">Medical Oncology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/anesthesia-and-resuscitation\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5185\">Anesthesia and resuscitation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/nuclear-medicine\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5106\">Nuclear medicine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiotherapy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5104\">Radiotherapy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiodiagnostics\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5101\">Radiodiagnostics<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/pathologic-anatomy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5118\">Pathologic anatomy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-studies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical studies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers at the<strong>Candiolo Institute<\/strong> are actively engaged in numerous <strong>national and international melanoma projects.<\/strong> One of the main areas of study concerns the<strong>molecular structure of melanoma<\/strong>: through experimental models, researchers seek to develop drugs capable of <strong>inhibiting tumor growth<\/strong> and to better understand the causes of <strong>resistance to molecularly targeted treatments<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, a <strong>clinical trial is underway on liquid biopsy<\/strong>, an innovative technique that allows the <strong>genetic and molecular profile of the tumor <\/strong>to be analyzed from a simple blood sample. With this approach, <strong>changes in metastatic melanoma can be monitored in real time<\/strong> and biologic treatment adapted to overcome any resistance, thus improving the effectiveness of personalized therapies. Finally, studies are underway to find new treatment strategies for melanoma with innovative forms of therapy, such as cell therapy based on CAR cells, special engineered cells that can be intelligently directed against melanoma cells.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"why-choose-us\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Why choose us<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At Candiolo IRCCS Institute, every melanoma patient is<strong> followed according to highly specialized standards, <\/strong>thanks to the synergistic work of a dedicated Interdisciplinary Care Group (ICG).<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c50a39280d6\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical experience and tailored approach<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Due to the high number of cases treated each year, the Candiolo Institute is a <strong>national reference for taking care of esophageal cancer.<\/strong> Our experience enables us to deal with even the most complex situations, always with a <strong>personalized approach<\/strong> built on the clinical and personal profile of each patient.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Imaging technologies and advanced diagnostics<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->Establishing the treatment plan always starts with an <strong>accurate and timely diagnosis<\/strong>. Patients have access to <strong>state-of-the-art imaging technologies<\/strong> that allow accurate assessment of the extent of the disease.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->In addition, the Institute offers <strong>advanced and sophisticated laboratory investigations<\/strong>, including molecular and genomic analyses, which are critical for identifying biological features of cancer and guiding therapeutic decisions.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Minimally invasive surgical techniques and multidisciplinarity<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>When indicated, surgery is performed with <strong>minimally invasive techniques<\/strong> (laparoscopic or thoracoscopic), which reduce operative trauma, promote faster recovery, and improve postoperative quality of life. Every treatment choice is defined within the GIC, ensuring a consistent and integrated approach.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical research and access to trials<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->As an IRCCS, the Candiolo Institute combines clinical practice with a <strong>strong vocation for scientific research.<\/strong> Patients can be evaluated for inclusion in active <strong>clinical trials<\/strong>, which provide a real opportunity to access <strong>innovative therapies<\/strong> not yet available in standard practice. Collaboration between care and research is a distinctive value that translates into <strong>concrete opportunities for the patient<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Care and support every step of the way<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Interdisciplinary Care Group takes care of the person at every stage: from diagnosis to treatment to <strong>follow-up<\/strong>, with attention to <strong>nutritional support<\/strong>, <strong>psychological health<\/strong>, and <strong>reintegration into daily life<\/strong>. The organization of checkups, examinations and treatment is designed to ensure <strong>continuity and serenity<\/strong>, always valuing the human dimension of care.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5214","pathology","type-pathology","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Melanomas - Istituto di Candiolo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn more about melanoma and the diagnostic and treatment options available at the Candiolo Institute (Turin).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Melanomas - Istituto di Candiolo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn more about melanoma and the diagnostic and treatment options available at the Candiolo Institute (Turin).\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Istituto di Candiolo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/istitutodicandiolo\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-26T10:28:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@fpoirccs\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/\",\"name\":\"Melanomas - Istituto di Candiolo\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-01-07T13:32:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-26T10:28:10+00:00\",\"description\":\"Learn more about melanoma and the diagnostic and treatment options available at the Candiolo Institute (Turin).\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Melanomas\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/\",\"name\":\"INOC\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Melanomas - Istituto di Candiolo","description":"Learn more about melanoma and the diagnostic and treatment options available at the Candiolo Institute (Turin).","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Melanomas - Istituto di Candiolo","og_description":"Learn more about melanoma and the diagnostic and treatment options available at the Candiolo Institute (Turin).","og_url":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/","og_site_name":"Istituto di Candiolo","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/istitutodicandiolo\/","article_modified_time":"2026-03-26T10:28:10+00:00","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@fpoirccs","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/","url":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/","name":"Melanomas - Istituto di Candiolo","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/#website"},"datePublished":"2025-01-07T13:32:58+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-26T10:28:10+00:00","description":"Learn more about melanoma and the diagnostic and treatment options available at the Candiolo Institute (Turin).","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/melanomas\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Melanomas"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/","name":"INOC","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pathology\/5214","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pathology"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/pathology"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pathology\/5214\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6667,"href":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pathology\/5214\/revisions\/6667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5214"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}