{"id":5261,"date":"2024-12-11T17:14:19","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T16:14:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/patologie\/cervical-cancer\/"},"modified":"2026-03-27T13:28:15","modified_gmt":"2026-03-27T12:28:15","slug":"cervical-cancer","status":"publish","type":"pathology","link":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/cervical-cancer\/","title":{"rendered":"Cervical cancer"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"pathology\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Pathology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cervical cancer (or <strong>cervical carcinoma<\/strong>) is a neoplasm that develops<strong> in the lower part of the uterus<\/strong>, called the cervix. Thanks to screening programs and vaccination against Human Papillomavirus (HPV), this disease is <strong>now much less frequent<\/strong> than in the past, and the goal of the scientific community is to achieve its complete elimination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Today,<strong> thanks to early detection and targeted therapies<\/strong>, cervical cancer can be treated with a <strong>high chance of success<\/strong>. Regular checkups and prevention remain the most effective weapons to protect health.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Cervical cancers based on the cells from which they originate are predominantly of two types:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Squamous<\/strong> (85%): cancer arising from the cells lining the exocervix i.e., the outermost part of the cervix. Associated with HPV 16, 18, 58,33 and 45;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adenocarcinoma<\/strong> (10-12%): arising from the cells of the endocervix i.e., the innermost part of the cervix. Associated with HPV 16, 18, 45, 31 and 33.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Rarer cancers are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Adenosquamous<\/strong> (3-5%): rarer with mixed origin;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adenocystic<\/strong> (3-5%);  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Undifferentiated<\/strong>.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This classification is important because it<strong> helps physicians choose the most appropriate course of treatment,<\/strong> ensuring targeted and individualized therapies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The numbers in Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.registri-tumori.it\/cms\/pubblicazioni\/i-numeri-del-cancro-italia-2023\"><strong>AIRTUM registry<\/strong> <\/a>(Italian Association of Cancer Registries), <strong>2,382 new diagnoses <\/strong>of cervical cancer were registered in Italy in 2024. This neoplasm is most frequent in the young (4% of cases, fifth most frequent neoplasm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"risk-factors\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Risk factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cervical cancer can be related to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>human papilloma virus<strong> (HPV)<\/strong>, which accounts for the majority of diagnosed cases;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cigarette smoke<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Familiarity<\/strong> for this type of cancer;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use of <strong>oral contraceptives<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Low socioeconomic status<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Regarding HPV, it should be emphasized that most infections <strong>regress spontaneously<\/strong>; when the infection persists over time, lesions form at the cervix that can evolve. This clarifies the<strong>importance of prevention <\/strong>with regard to screening by Pap test or HPV-DNA test.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"symptoms\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Symptoms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the early stages, cervical cancer usually <strong>causes no symptoms<\/strong>. When they appear, they can be similar to those of other benign conditions, so they should not cause immediate alarm but should always be evaluated by a physician.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Possible <strong>signs to watch out for<\/strong> include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Abnormal bleeding (after sexual intercourse, between menstrual cycles, or after menopause);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vaginal discharge not accompanied by blood;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pain during sexual intercourse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The presence of any of these symptoms <strong>does not automatically mean you have cancer<\/strong>, but it is important to talk to your gynecologist to rule out or treat any problems early.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"diagnosis-and-examination\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Diagnosis and examination<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Because it often causes no symptoms, cervical cancer is <strong>frequently detected during a screening examination<\/strong>, such as a Pap smear. If the Pap test shows alterations, the next step is <strong>colposcopy<\/strong>, a second-level examination that allows the cervix to be observed with a special microscope. During colposcopy, if the doctor notices suspicious areas, he or she may perform a <strong>biopsy<\/strong>, which is the taking of a small sample of tissue, which will then be analyzed by the <strong>pathology<\/strong> laboratory. In some cases, to better understand the extent of the disease, a larger sampling may be necessary: this procedure is called <strong>conization<\/strong> and involves the removal of a portion of the cervix.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once the <strong>histological diagnosis<\/strong> has been made, in order to study the extent of the disease and plan subsequent treatment, the following examinations are performed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>transvaginal and transabdominal ultrasonography<\/strong>: which allows assessment of the extent of disease at the pelvic level and its relationship to neighboring organs;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Abdominopelvic MRI <\/strong>with contrast medium: which allows assessment of the extent of disease at the pelvic level and the presence of pathological lymph nodes;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Total body CT<\/strong> with contrast medium: allows study of disease that has spread beyond the pelvis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In cases deemed locally advanced:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>18 FDG PET-CT<\/strong>: improves the definition of doubtful lesions and distant metastases;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gynecologic examination under narcosis<\/strong>: recommended by the <em>International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics<\/em> (FIGO) guidelines, it allows the <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/aree-mediche\/ginecologia-oncologica\/\">gynecologic oncologist<\/a> to directly assess the local extent of the disease. During the procedure, the vaginal fornices, parametrium (supporting tissues of the uterus), urethra and bladder are examined, including by cystoscopy. In some cases, <strong>diagnostic laparoscopy<\/strong> may be associated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stage classification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>FIGO has defined a classification of cervical cancer ranging from <strong>stage I<\/strong> (disease limited to the cervix) to <strong>stage IV<\/strong> (disease with distant spread). Determining stage is critical to choosing the most appropriate and individualized course of treatment for each patient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"therapies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Therapies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Treatment depends on the stage of the disease, age and health status of the patient.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c677de036a9\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Early cases  <\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"850\" data-end=\"941\"><strong data-start=\"850\" data-end=\"889\">In very early and selected cases<\/strong>, less invasive interventions than surgery can be opted for:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"1143\">\n<li data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"1022\">\n<p data-start=\"944\" data-end=\"1022\"><strong data-start=\"944\" data-end=\"960\">conization: <\/strong>removal of a small portion of the cervix;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1023\" data-end=\"1143\">\n<p data-start=\"1025\" data-end=\"1143\"><strong data-start=\"1025\" data-end=\"1043\">trachelectomy: <\/strong>removal of only the cervix, preserving uterine body and potentially fertility.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Early stage cancer (confined to the cervix)<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"577\">The main treatment is <strong data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"558\">surgical<\/strong> and may include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"578\" data-end=\"848\">\n<li data-start=\"578\" data-end=\"717\">\n<p data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"717\"><strong data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"605\">Radical hysterectomy<\/strong> (removal of the uterus, supporting tissues-paracervices and paracervices-and, in some cases, the ovaries);<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"718\" data-end=\"848\">\n<p data-start=\"720\" data-end=\"848\"><strong data-start=\"720\" data-end=\"761\">Sentinel lymph node removal<\/strong> alone or combined with <strong data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"812\">pelvic lymphadenectomy<\/strong> (pelvic lymph node removal)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1145\" data-end=\"1268\">Depending on specific risk factors, the following may be indicated <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/reservations\/radioterapia-2\/\"><strong data-start=\"1205\" data-end=\"1221\">radiotherapy<\/strong><\/a> or <strong data-start=\"1224\" data-end=\"1247\">radio-chemotherapy<\/strong> after surgery.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1145\" data-end=\"1268\">According to a major international study<em data-start=\"1317\" data-end=\"1372\">(Laparoscopic Approach to Cervical Cancer &#8211; LACC trial<\/em>), the recommended surgical approach is <strong data-start=\"1413\" data-end=\"1429\">laparotomic<\/strong> (open) and not laparoscopic, except in selected special situations.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Locally advanced tumors<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"1557\" data-end=\"1608\">The treatment of choice is combined and includes:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1609\" data-end=\"1832\">\n<li data-start=\"1609\" data-end=\"1645\">\n<p data-start=\"1611\" data-end=\"1645\"><strong data-start=\"1611\" data-end=\"1643\">External beam radiotherapy;<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1646\" data-end=\"1701\">\n<p data-start=\"1648\" data-end=\"1701\"><strong data-start=\"1648\" data-end=\"1678\">Concomitant<\/strong> cisplatin-based <strong data-start=\"1648\" data-end=\"1678\">chemotherapy<\/strong>;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1702\" data-end=\"1832\">\n<p data-start=\"1704\" data-end=\"1832\"><strong data-start=\"1704\" data-end=\"1721\">brachytherapy: <\/strong>insertion of applicators inside the uterus that deliver targeted radiation directly to the tumor.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Immunotherapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"1867\" data-end=\"2117\"><strong data-start=\"1869\" data-end=\"1886\">Immunotherapy<\/strong> represents a promising option, especially since the <strong data-start=\"2014\" data-end=\"2023\">PD-L1<\/strong> molecule, the target of some immunotherapy drugs, is present in more than 90 percent of cervical cancer cases.<br data-start=\"2068\" data-end=\"2071\">The most widely used in this area include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2118\" data-end=\"2206\">\n<li data-start=\"2118\" data-end=\"2135\">\n<p data-start=\"2120\" data-end=\"2135\">Pembrolizumab<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2136\" data-end=\"2152\">\n<p data-start=\"2138\" data-end=\"2152\">Atezolizumab<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2153\" data-end=\"2166\">\n<p data-start=\"2155\" data-end=\"2166\">Nivolumab<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2167\" data-end=\"2206\">\n<p data-start=\"2169\" data-end=\"2206\">Combination Ipilimumab + Nivolumab<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2208\" data-end=\"2376\">These therapies stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells, offering new possibilities especially in advanced or relapsing cases.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"ongoing-support\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Ongoing support<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At our institute, we ensure <strong>constant support before, during and after treatment <\/strong>to accompany each patient throughout the entire course of treatment and recovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c677de03730\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Management of emergencies and side effects  <\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The cancer patient is often a <strong>fragile patient<\/strong>, who needs help and support in her disease journey: when she experiences an ailment, whether related to the disease or a side effect of therapy, she needs to be able to receive a specialist&#8217;s opinion quickly, through a &#8220;fast track.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For this reason, at the Candiolo Institute there is an <strong>assistance service<\/strong> every day, Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.: just call the secretary of the <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/aree-mediche\/day-hospital-oncologico\/\">Oncology Day Hospital<\/a> (011 993 3775) reporting the need for an urgent consultation, and the patient is quickly contacted by his or her specialist doctor.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Continuing care and palliative care<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The cancer patient is a person with <\/span><b>complex needs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that requires <\/span><b>multidisciplinary support<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> not only for the cancer disease, but also for all related issues.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the Candiolo Institute, patients who need or require it have access to <\/span><b>specialists in different areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to receive nutritional support, physical therapy, pain therapy and management of other associated conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Psychological support  <\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The impact of cancer in a person&#8217;s life also affects the<\/span><b> psychological sphere:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> falling ill with cancer is in fact always a <\/span><b>traumatic event<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that affects all dimensions of the person and can generate anxiety, fear, anger, depression.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the Candiolo Institute, alongside cutting-edge therapies, the treatment and care pathway always includes a<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/aree-mediche\/psicologia\/\"><b> qualified psycho-oncological support <\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">that helps the patient cope positively not only with treatment but also with the delicate phase of physical and psychological recovery.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><b>It is also possible to participate in support groups <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">psychological to compare with other people who have gone through or are going through the same experience.<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Direct line to specialists<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To ensure <\/span><b>timely and direct support<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and receive timely answers to concerns and questions, a dedicated support service is in place at the Candiolo Institute for all patients.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">From Monday to Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., you can <\/span><b>contact the secretariat of the oncology day hospital<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at 011.993.3775, reporting the need for urgent consultation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The patient will be <\/span><b>quickly put in touch with his or her medical specialist<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to receive clear answers and immediate support.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Social work<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Social Service Department of the Candiolo Institute conducts <\/span><b>information and orientation interviews to patients and their families<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on how to access services in the area and how to obtain welfare and social security benefits provided by law (disability, benefits for aids and prostheses, work leave, etc.).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The service operates on Wednesdays and Fridays from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. (phone: 011 9933059).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Follow up<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Regarding follow-up after completion of treatment, the European guidelines of gynecologic oncology (ESGO society) suggest:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<li>a <strong>gynecological visit<\/strong> every 3-6 months in the first two years, then every 6 months for 3 years;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pap test<\/strong> every year;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/aree-mediche\/laboratorio-analisi\/\"><strong>instrumental examinations <\/strong><\/a>(ultrasound, CT scan, MRI) <strong>and blood<\/strong> when there is indication at a cadence decided by the physician.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"interdisciplinary-group\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Interdisciplinary Group<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Every cancer requires, in all phases of disease management, a<strong> multidisciplinary approach<\/strong> that at the Candiolo Institute is guaranteed by a team of different specialists, belonging to the various clinical and surgical departments of the Institute: this team is called GIC (Interdisciplinary Care Group). The GIC ensures that<strong> each patient is taken care of throughout the diagnostic-therapeutic process<\/strong>, including prescribing and booking examinations and communicating with the patient and his or her family members. The GIC defines and shares a <strong>personalized care pathway<\/strong> for each patient, based not only on the type and stage of the tumor, but also on the patient&#8217;s own characteristics. The goal is to ensure that he or she has the best outcome both oncologically and functionally and the maintenance of a good quality of life.The Group also<strong> works closely with researchers<\/strong> at the Institute to ensure that patients have rapid access to the latest research-produced innovations in screening, diagnosis and treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-divisions\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical divisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The diagnostic and therapeutic pathway of cervical cancer at Candiolo involves several clinical divisions, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/ovarian-cancer-center\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5148\">Ovarian Cancer Center<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/gynecologic-oncology-and-hereditary-tumors\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5119\">Gynecology Oncology and Hereditary Tumors<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/medical-oncology\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5169\">Medical Oncology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/anesthesia-and-resuscitation\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5185\">Anesthesia and resuscitation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/nuclear-medicine\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5106\">Nuclear medicine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiotherapy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5104\">Radiotherapy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiodiagnostics\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5101\">Radiodiagnostics<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/pathologic-anatomy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5118\">Pathologic anatomy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-studies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical studies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers at the Candiolo Institute are involved in numerous <strong>projects, both nationally and internationally<\/strong>, dedicated to the study of gynecological cancers. These studies range from clinical and translational to molecular research, including<strong> numerous experimental clinical trials of new chemotherapy drugs<\/strong>, as well as <strong>innovative therapies<\/strong> such as immunotherapy and hormone therapy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, <strong>experimental surgical protocols<\/strong> on lymph node staging for cervical cancer and sentinel lymph node are active.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Access to clinical trials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>In selected cases, <\/strong>patients may also have the opportunity to participate in clinical trials that aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of new surgical techniques, drugs, or innovative therapeutic approaches. Participation in these studies represents an important opportunity to access cutting-edge treatments, always under close medical supervision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"why-choose-us\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Why choose us<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At the Candiolo IRCCS Institute, every patient with cervical cancer is<strong> followed according to highly specialized standards, <\/strong>thanks to the synergistic work of a dedicated <a href=\"#gruppo-interdisciplinare\">Interdisciplinary Care Group (ICG) <\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c677de0378b\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical experience and tailored approach<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Due to the high number of cases treated each year, the Candiolo Institute is a <strong>national reference for taking care of esophageal cancer.<\/strong> Our experience enables us to deal with even the most complex situations, always with a <strong>personalized approach<\/strong> built on the clinical and personal profile of each patient.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Imaging technologies and advanced diagnostics<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->Establishing the treatment plan always starts with an <strong>accurate and timely diagnosis<\/strong>. Patients have access to <strong>state-of-the-art imaging technologies<\/strong> that allow accurate assessment of the extent of the disease.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->In addition, the Institute offers <strong>advanced and sophisticated laboratory investigations<\/strong>, including molecular and genomic analyses, which are critical for identifying biological features of cancer and guiding therapeutic decisions.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Minimally invasive surgical techniques and multidisciplinarity<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>When indicated, surgery is performed with <strong>minimally invasive techniques<\/strong> (laparoscopic or thoracoscopic), which reduce operative trauma, promote faster recovery, and improve postoperative quality of life. Every treatment choice is defined within the GIC, ensuring a consistent and integrated approach.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical research and access to trials<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->As an IRCCS, the Candiolo Institute combines clinical practice with a <strong>strong vocation for scientific research.<\/strong> Patients can be evaluated for inclusion in active <strong>clinical trials<\/strong>, which represent a real chance to access <strong>innovative therapies<\/strong> not yet available in standard practice. Collaboration between care and research is a distinctive value that translates into <strong>concrete opportunities for the patient<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Care and support every step of the way<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Interdisciplinary Care Group takes care of the person at every stage: from diagnosis to treatment to <strong>follow-up<\/strong>, with attention to <strong>nutritional support<\/strong>, <strong>psychological health<\/strong>, and <strong>reintegration into daily life<\/strong>. The organization of checkups, visits and treatment is designed to ensure <strong>continuity and serenity<\/strong>, always valuing the human dimension of care.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5261","pathology","type-pathology","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cervical cancer - Istituto di Candiolo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about the pathway dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer at Candiolo, an inpatient and nursing institution of scientific character.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/cervical-cancer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cervical cancer - 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