{"id":5261,"date":"2024-12-11T17:14:19","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T16:14:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/patologie\/cervical-cancer\/"},"modified":"2026-06-10T15:31:23","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T13:31:23","slug":"cervical-cancer","status":"publish","type":"pathology","link":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/pathology\/cervical-cancer\/","title":{"rendered":"Cervical Cancer"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"pathology\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Pathology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cervical cancer, also known as <strong>cervical carcinoma<\/strong>, is a malignancy that <strong>develops in the cervix<\/strong>, the <strong>lower part of the uterus<\/strong> connecting the uterine cavity to the vagina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thanks to organized <strong>screening programs and vaccination against Human Papillomavirus (HPV)<\/strong>, the <strong>incidence <\/strong>of cervical cancer <strong>has <\/strong>significantly <strong>declined <\/strong>over recent decades. The ultimate goal of the scientific community is the complete elimination of this disease as a public health problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today, early diagnosis and advances in treatment allow cervical cancer to be managed with a <strong>high likelihood of cure<\/strong>, particularly when detected at an early stage. Regular screening and HPV vaccination remain the most effective strategies for prevention and early detection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cervical cancers are classified according to the type of cells from which they originate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The two most common histological subtypes are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Squamous cell carcinoma (approximately 85%)<\/strong>. Arises from the squamous cells lining the exocervix, the outer portion of the cervix. It is most commonly associated with HPV types 16, 18, 58, 33, and 45.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adenocarcinoma (approximately 10\u201312%)<\/strong>. Originates from the glandular cells of the endocervix, the inner portion of the cervix. It is most commonly associated with HPV types 16, 18, 45, 31, and 33.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Less common histological variants include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Adenosquamous carcinoma<\/strong> (approximately 3\u20135%)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adenoid cystic carcinoma<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Undifferentiated carcinoma<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Accurate <strong>histological classification is essential<\/strong> for defining the <strong>most appropriate <\/strong>and personalized <strong>treatment strategy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Numbers in Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.registri-tumori.it\/cms\/pubblicazioni\/i-numeri-del-cancro-italia-2023\"><strong>AIRTUM registry<\/strong> <\/a>(Italian Association of Cancer Registries), <strong>2,382 new cases of cervical cancer<\/strong> were diagnosed in Italy in 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although relatively uncommon overall, cervical cancer remains <strong>one of the most frequent malignancies among younger women<\/strong>, accounting for approximately 4% of cancers diagnosed in this population and ranking among the most common tumors in women under 50 years of age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"risk-factors\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Risk Factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>principal <\/strong>risk factor for cervical cancer is persistent infection with <strong>Human Papillomavirus (HPV)<\/strong>, which is responsible for the vast majority of cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Additional risk factors include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cigarette smoking<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Family history<\/strong> of cervical cancer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Long-term use of oral contraceptives<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Low socioeconomic status<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is important to note that <strong>most HPV infections resolve spontaneously<\/strong> <strong>without causing disease<\/strong>. However, when infection persists, precancerous lesions may develop within the cervix and progressively evolve into cancer if left untreated. This underscores the importance of prevention through HPV vaccination and <strong>regular screening with Pap tests or HPV-DNA testing<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"symptoms\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Symptoms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In its early stages, cervical cancer is <strong>often asymptomatic.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When symptoms occur, they may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Abnormal vaginal bleeding<\/strong>, particularly after sexual intercourse, between menstrual periods, or after menopause<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Unusual vaginal discharge<\/strong>, sometimes watery or malodorous<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pain during sexual intercourse<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>These symptoms are not specific to cervical cancer and may be caused by a variety of benign conditions.<\/strong> Nevertheless, they should always be evaluated by a gynecologist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"diagnosis-and-evaluation\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Diagnosis and Evaluation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because cervical cancer may not cause symptoms in its early stages, it is frequently detected through routine screening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The diagnostic pathway typically includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pap test and HPV-DNA test<\/strong>:These screening examinations can identify precancerous lesions and early-stage disease before symptoms develop.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Colposcopy<\/strong>: If screening results are abnormal, colposcopy allows detailed visualization of the cervix using a specialized magnifying instrument.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Biopsy<\/strong>: During colposcopy, tissue samples may be collected from suspicious areas for histopathological evaluation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Conization<\/strong>: In selected cases, removal of a cone-shaped portion of the cervix may be required to obtain a definitive diagnosis and evaluate the extent of disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Following <strong>histological confirmation<\/strong>, additional investigations are performed to determine disease stage and guide treatment planning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Transvaginal and transabdominal pelvic ultrasound<\/strong>, to assess local disease extension and relationships with adjacent organs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Contrast-enhanced pelvic MRI<\/strong>, to evaluate local tumor extent and possible lymph node involvement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Contrast-enhanced CT scan<\/strong> of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, to identify disease beyond the pelvis<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In patients with locally advanced disease, further investigations may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>18F-FDG PET\/CT<\/strong>: Useful for characterizing suspicious lesions and identifying distant metastases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Examination under anesthesia<\/strong>: Recommended by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), this procedure enables comprehensive assessment of local disease extension by the <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/gynecologic-oncology-and-hereditary-tumors\/\">gynecologic oncologist<\/a>. Evaluation may include examination of the vaginal fornices, parametrial tissues, urethra, and bladder, as well as cystoscopy. In selected cases, diagnostic laparoscopy may also be performed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stage Classification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The FIGO staging system classifies cervical cancer from<strong> Stage I<\/strong>, where disease is confined to the cervix, <strong>to Stage IV<\/strong>, where it has spread beyond the pelvis or to distant organs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Accurate staging is essential for selecting the most appropriate treatment and ensuring individualized patient care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"therapies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Therapies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Treatment depends on multiple factors, including disease stage, tumor characteristics, age, overall health status, and the patient&#8217;s reproductive goals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Management may involve one or more of the following approaches:<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_6a29672a474cc\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Early Cases  <\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"65\" data-end=\"196\"><strong data-start=\"65\" data-end=\"196\">In carefully selected patients with very early-stage disease, fertility-sparing and less invasive procedures may be considered:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"198\" data-end=\"521\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n<li data-section-id=\"196qwuk\" data-start=\"198\" data-end=\"356\"><strong data-start=\"200\" data-end=\"215\">Conization:<\/strong> removal of a cone-shaped portion of the cervix containing the lesion, which may be sufficient for diagnosis and treatment in selected cases<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"7pgnju\" data-start=\"358\" data-end=\"521\" data-is-last-node=\"\"><strong data-start=\"360\" data-end=\"378\">Trachelectomy:<\/strong> removal of the cervix while preserving the uterine body, offering the possibility of maintaining fertility in appropriately selected patients<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Early Stage Cancer (Confined to the Cervix)<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"107\" data-end=\"297\">For patients with early-stage cervical cancer, surgery is generally the primary treatment option. Depending on the characteristics and extent of the disease, surgical management may include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"299\" data-end=\"633\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1am9fj6\" data-start=\"299\" data-end=\"457\"><strong data-start=\"301\" data-end=\"325\">Radical hysterectomy<\/strong>, involving removal of the uterus, surrounding supporting tissues (parametrium and paracervix), and, in selected cases, the ovaries<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"fjncw\" data-start=\"458\" data-end=\"633\"><strong data-start=\"460\" data-end=\"490\">Sentinel lymph node biopsy<\/strong>, performed alone or in combination with <strong data-start=\"531\" data-end=\"557\">pelvic lymphadenectomy<\/strong> (removal of pelvic lymph nodes) to assess potential lymph node involvement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"832\">Based on the final pathological findings and the presence of specific risk factors, <strong data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"765\">adjuvant <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/radiotherapy\/\">radiotherapy<\/a> or chemoradiotherapy<\/strong> may be recommended after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"834\" data-end=\"1223\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Evidence from the landmark <em data-start=\"861\" data-end=\"910\">Laparoscopic Approach to Cervical Cancer (LACC)<\/em> trial has shown that, for most patients with early-stage cervical cancer, the preferred surgical approach is <strong data-start=\"1020\" data-end=\"1049\">open surgery (laparotomy)<\/strong> rather than minimally invasive surgery. Minimally invasive approaches may still be considered in carefully selected cases and according to individual clinical circumstances.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Locally Advanced Disease<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"30\" data-end=\"174\">For patients with locally advanced cervical cancer, the standard treatment is a combined approach that integrates radiotherapy and chemotherapy.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"176\" data-end=\"205\">Treatment typically includes:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"207\" data-end=\"673\">\n<li data-section-id=\"ul5nyp\" data-start=\"207\" data-end=\"318\"><strong data-start=\"209\" data-end=\"246\">External beam radiotherapy (EBRT)<\/strong>, directed at the tumor and surrounding areas at risk of disease spread<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1kq143z\" data-start=\"319\" data-end=\"428\"><strong data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"364\">Concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy<\/strong>, administered during radiotherapy to enhance its effectiveness<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"xhd2zd\" data-start=\"429\" data-end=\"673\"><strong data-start=\"431\" data-end=\"448\">Brachytherapy<\/strong>, an internal radiation therapy technique in which specialized applicators are placed within the uterus and cervix to deliver high-dose radiation directly to the tumor while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissues<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"770\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">This multimodal approach aims to maximize local disease control and improve long-term outcomes.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Immunotherapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"19\" data-end=\"244\">Immunotherapy represents an important therapeutic option in selected patients with cervical cancer, particularly because the PD-L1 protein, a target of several immunotherapeutic agents, is expressed in more than 90% of cases.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"246\" data-end=\"297\">The most commonly used immunotherapy drugs include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"299\" data-end=\"404\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1dm3qhc\" data-start=\"299\" data-end=\"319\"><strong data-start=\"301\" data-end=\"318\">Pembrolizumab<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1x130ya\" data-start=\"320\" data-end=\"339\"><strong data-start=\"322\" data-end=\"338\">Atezolizumab<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"w5xqgq\" data-start=\"340\" data-end=\"356\"><strong data-start=\"342\" data-end=\"355\">Nivolumab<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"15ib6k0\" data-start=\"357\" data-end=\"404\"><strong data-start=\"359\" data-end=\"403\">Ipilimumab in combination with Nivolumab<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"406\" data-end=\"570\">These treatments work by enhancing the body&#8217;s immune response against cancer cells, helping the immune system recognize and eliminate tumor tissue more effectively.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"572\" data-end=\"828\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Immunotherapy has expanded treatment opportunities, particularly for patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer, and may be used alone or in combination with other therapies depending on the clinical setting and tumor characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"ongoing-support\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Ongoing Support<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the Candiolo Cancer Institute, patients receive continuous support <strong>before, during, and after treatment.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our multidisciplinary teams accompany each patient throughout the entire diagnostic, therapeutic, and recovery pathway, providing personalized care and support at every stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_6a29672a47d77\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Management of Emergencies and Treatment-related Side Effects<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cancer patients often require ongoing support throughout their care journey. When new symptoms arise, whether related to the disease itself or to treatment-related side effects, timely access to specialist evaluation is essential.<\/p>\n<p>For this reason, the Candiolo Cancer Institute provides a dedicated <strong>support service<\/strong> operating <strong>Monday through Friday, from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.<\/strong> Patients who require an urgent consultation can contact the <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/oncology-day-hospital\/\">Oncology Day Hospital<\/a> Secretariat at <strong>+39 011 993 3775<\/strong>. Following the request, the patient is promptly contacted by the appropriate specialist to ensure rapid assessment and management of the issue.<\/p>\n<p>This service is designed to provide continuity of care, address treatment-related concerns promptly, and support patients throughout every stage of their oncological pathway.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Continuity of Care and Palliative Care<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"44\" data-end=\"223\">Cancer patients often have <strong>complex needs<\/strong> that extend beyond the treatment of the disease itself and require comprehensive, <strong>multidisciplinary support<\/strong> throughout their care journey.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"225\" data-end=\"608\">At the Candiolo Cancer Institute, patients who need additional support have <strong>access to specialists<\/strong> from a range of disciplines, ensuring integrated care tailored to their individual needs. Services may include <strong>nutritional counseling, physical rehabilitation, pain management, palliative care<\/strong>, and support for the treatment of other conditions associated with cancer and its therapies.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"610\" data-end=\"751\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The goal is to <strong>preserve quality of life<\/strong>, manage symptoms effectively, and provide personalized support at every stage of the disease pathway.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Psychological Support  <\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"27\" data-end=\"265\">A cancer diagnosis affects not only physical health but <strong>also emotional and psychological well-being.<\/strong> The experience of cancer can be profoundly challenging and may give rise to <strong>feelings of anxiety, fear, anger, uncertainty, or depression.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"267\" data-end=\"655\">At the Candiolo Cancer Institute, <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/psychology\/\">psychological care<\/a> is an integral part of the treatment pathway. Alongside state-of-the-art therapies, patients have access to qualified psycho-oncology professionals who provide support throughout every stage of the disease, helping them <strong>cope with treatment, manage emotional distress<\/strong>, and navigate the physical and psychological challenges of recovery.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"657\" data-end=\"990\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Patients may also participate in <strong>psychological support groups<\/strong>, which offer the opportunity to share experiences, exchange perspectives, and connect with others who are facing or have faced similar challenges. These group settings can provide valuable emotional support and help reduce feelings of isolation during the cancer journey.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Direct Access to Specialists<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"34\" data-end=\"228\">To ensure timely support and provide rapid answers to questions or concerns that may arise during treatment, the Candiolo Cancer Institute offers a dedicated assistance service for all patients.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"230\" data-end=\"403\">From <strong>Monday to Friday, between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m.<\/strong>, patients can contact the <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/oncology-day-hospital\/\">Oncology Day Hospital<\/a> Secretariat at <strong data-start=\"348\" data-end=\"368\">+39 011 993 3775<\/strong> to request an urgent consultation.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"405\" data-end=\"588\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Following the request, the patient will be promptly contacted by the appropriate specialist, ensuring rapid clinical assessment, clear information, and timely support whenever needed.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Social Work Services<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"26\" data-end=\"278\">The Social Work Service at the Candiolo Cancer Institute provides information, guidance, and support to patients and their families regarding access to community services and the welfare and social security benefits available under current legislation.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"280\" data-end=\"491\">During dedicated consultations, social workers assist with matters such as disability recognition, access to aids and prosthetic devices, employment-related benefits and leave, and other social support services.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"493\" data-end=\"621\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The service is available on <strong data-start=\"521\" data-end=\"575\">Wednesdays and Fridays from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.<\/strong> and can be contacted at <strong data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"620\">+39 011 993 3059<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Follow-up after Treatment<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Following completion of treatment, regular follow-up is essential to monitor recovery, identify any signs of recurrence, and address treatment-related side effects.<\/p>\n<p><strong>According to the recommendations of the European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO)<\/strong>, follow-up generally includes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>A gynecological examination every 3 to 6 months<\/strong> during the <strong>first two years<\/strong> after treatment, <strong>followed by every 6 months<\/strong> for the subsequent three years<\/li>\n<li>An <strong>annual Pap test<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Imaging studies<\/strong>, such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI, and <strong>blood tests<\/strong> when clinically indicated, according to a schedule determined by the treating physician<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Follow-up plans may be tailored to the individual patient based on disease characteristics, treatment received, and specific clinical needs.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"multi-disciplinary-team\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Multi Disciplinary Team<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every cancer requires a&nbsp;<strong>multidisciplinary approach<\/strong>&nbsp;at all stages of disease management. At the Candiolo Cancer Institute, this is provided by a team of specialists from various clinical and surgical departments, known as the&nbsp;<strong>GIC<\/strong>, Interdisciplinary Care Group (or MDT). The GIC ensures that each patient is supported throughout the diagnostic and therapeutic process, including arranging and coordinating examinations and maintaining communication with the patient and their family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For each patient, the GIC (MDT) defines and shares a personalized care pathway based not only on the type and stage of the tumor but also on the patient\u2019s individual characteristics. The goal is to achieve the best possible outcomes both oncologically and functionally, while maintaining a high quality of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Group<strong>&nbsp;also collaborates closely with the Institute\u2019s researchers<\/strong>&nbsp;to provide patients with rapid access to the latest innovations in screening, diagnosis, and treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-divisions\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical Divisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The diagnostic and therapeutic pathway of cervical cancer at the Candiolo Cancer Institute involves several clinical divisions, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/ovarian-cancer-center\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5148\">Ovarian Cancer Center<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/gynecologic-oncology-and-hereditary-tumors\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5119\">Gynecology Oncology and Hereditary Tumors<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/medical-oncology\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5169\">Medical Oncology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/anesthesia-and-resuscitation\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5185\">Anesthesia and Resuscitation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/nuclear-medicine\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5106\">Nuclear Medicine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/radiotherapy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5104\">Radiotherapy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/radiodiagnostics\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5101\">Radiodiagnostics<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/pathologic-anatomy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5118\">Anatomical Pathology<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"research-and-innovation\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Research and Innovation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Researchers at the Candiolo Cancer Institute are actively involved in <strong>numerous national and international research projects<\/strong> dedicated to gynecological cancers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Research activities span clinical, translational, and molecular oncology, with a <strong>strong focus on improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.<\/strong> Ongoing studies include clinical trials evaluating new chemotherapy agents, as well as innovative therapeutic approaches such as immunotherapy and hormone-based treatments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Institute is also engaged in research on<strong> advanced surgical techniques<\/strong>, including <strong>innovative protocols for lymph node <\/strong>staging in cervical cancer and sentinel lymph node mapping, with the aim of <strong>improving surgical accuracy while minimizing treatment-related morbidity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Access to Clinical Trials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In selected cases, patients may have the opportunity to <strong>participate in <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/clinical-research-unit-cru\/\"><strong>clinical trials<\/strong> <\/a>designed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of new surgical techniques, medications, and innovative therapeutic approaches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Participation in clinical research <strong>can provide access to cutting-edge treatments<\/strong> and emerging technologies under close medical supervision, while also contributing to the advancement of scientific knowledge and the development of future standards of care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"why-choose-us\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Why Choose Us<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At Candiolo Cancer Institute, every patient with esophageal cancer is treated in a highly specialized manner, thanks to the synergistic work of the dedicated&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/pathology\/cervical-cancer\/#multi-disciplinary-team\">Interdisciplinary Care Group (GIC)&nbsp;.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_6a29672a47dc5\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical Experience and Tailored Approach<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thanks to the large number of cancer cases treated each year, the Candiolo Cancer Institute is a <strong>national reference<\/strong>\u00a0center for the care of this disease. This extensive experience allows us to manage even the most complex cases, always using a <strong>personalized approach<\/strong>, tailored to the clinical and individual profile of each patient.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Imaging Technologies and Advanced Diagnostics<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Establishing a treatment plan always begins with an accurate and timely diagnosis. Patients have access to <strong>state-of-the-art imaging technologies<\/strong>, such as ultrasound, contrast-enhanced CT, MRI, and cholangio-RM, which are critical for accurately assessing the extent of the tumor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Advanced laboratory tests<\/strong>, including molecular analyses, are also available to help define biological features of the disease and guide treatment choices.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques and Multidisciplinarity<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>When appropriate, liver surgeries are performed using\u00a0<strong data-start=\"244\" data-end=\"268\">minimally invasive<\/strong>, laparoscopic or robotic\u00a0<strong data-start=\"244\" data-end=\"268\">techniques<\/strong>. These approaches involve the use of camera-equipped instruments introduced into the abdomen through small incisions, thus reducing surgical trauma. <strong>Benefits<\/strong> to the patient include <strong>shorter hospital stay times, faster recovery, and lower risk of complications compared with traditional open surgery.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical Research and Access to Trials<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p>As an IRCCS (Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization, and Healthcare), the Candiolo Cancer Institute combines clinical care with a strong focues on scientific research. Patients can be considered for\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/pathology\/cervical-cancer\/#research-and-innovation\">participation in active clinical trials<\/a><\/strong>, offering access to innovative therapies not yet available in standard practice. This integration of care and research is a distinctive strength that translates into tangible benefits for patients.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Care and Support Every Step of the Way<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Interdisciplinary Care Group\u00a0 (GIC or MDT)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/pathology\/cervical-cancer\/#multi-disciplinary-team\"><strong>supports th<\/strong><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/pathology\/cervical-cancer\/#multi-disciplinary-team\"><strong>e patient at every stage<\/strong><\/a>: from diagnosis, through treatment, to follow-up. Special attention is paid to<strong> nutritional support, psychological health and reintegration into daily life.<\/strong> The organization of checkups, examinations, and treatment is designed to ensure <strong>continuity, serenity, and a humane, caring<\/strong> approach to each patient\u2019s needs.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5261","pathology","type-pathology","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - 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