{"id":5270,"date":"2024-12-11T17:08:34","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T16:08:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/patologie\/tumors-of-the-ovary\/"},"modified":"2026-03-31T16:54:16","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T14:54:16","slug":"tumors-of-the-ovary","status":"publish","type":"pathology","link":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/tumors-of-the-ovary\/","title":{"rendered":"Tumors of the ovary"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"pathology\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Pathology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is a cancer that affects the <strong>ovaries,<\/strong> organs of the female genital system responsible for the production of oocytes and female sex hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone. Ovarian cancer arises from the <strong>uncontrolled growth of ovarian cells<\/strong>. In most cases it involves epithelial cells, which line the organ, but it can also originate from germ or stromal cells, albeit more rarely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is an<strong> often silent disease<\/strong> because in its early stages it may not give obvious symptoms, which is why it is <strong>often diagnosed in more advanced stages<\/strong>. If detected early, however, ovarian cancer can be successfully treated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The numbers in Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2024, according to the <strong>AIRTUM<\/strong> (Italian Association of Cancer Registries) registry, ovarian cancer in Italy recorded about 5,423<strong> new diagnoses<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ovarian cancer can develop from different cells in the ovary:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Epithelial tumors<\/strong>: these are the most common (90% of cases) and originate from the outer lining of the ovary:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Type 1:<\/strong> low-grade serous, mucinous, endometrioid and clear cell tumors<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Type 2:<\/strong> high-grade serous tumors, the most frequent.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Borderline tum<\/strong>ors: tumors with a low degree of malignancy, often diagnosed in early stages and at a young age, which can be treated with conservative surgery;<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stromal or sex cord tumors<\/strong>: rare, originating from the connective tissue of the ovary and producing female hormones. They include granulosa, granulosa-teca and Sertoli-Leydig tumors;<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Germ cell tumors<\/strong>: rare (5% of cases), arise from the cells that produce oocytes and occur most often in women under 30 years of age. Main types: teratomas, dysgerminomas, endodermal sac tumors, and choriocarcinomas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"symptoms\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Symptoms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ovarian cancer in the early stages often causes no symptoms, so early diagnosis can be difficult. However, there are some <strong>signs to watch out for<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bloated abdomen or feeling of a full belly (meteorism);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Frequent need to urinate;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Abdominal or pelvic pain;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vaginal bleeding;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Constipation or diarrhea;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unusual feeling of fatigue;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nausea or loss of appetite (in more advanced stages);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sense of fullness immediately after starting to eat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If the symptoms appear <strong>together or in rapid succession<\/strong>, it is a good idea to consult a gynecologist.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"risk-factors\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Risk factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The main risk factors for ovarian cancer are:  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Early menarche or late menopause<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>First pregnancy over the age of 35<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>pelvic inflammatory disease<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Not having had children;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>family history<\/strong>;  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>genetic mutations<\/strong>(BRCA1-2, Lynch syndrome);  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/endometriosis\/\">endometriosis<\/a><\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>polycystic ovary syndrome<\/strong> (PCOS)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead, the <strong>protective factors<\/strong> are<strong>breastfeeding<\/strong>, an age of less than 25 years at first pregnancy, and the use of <strong>oral contraceptives<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"diagnosis-and-examination\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Diagnosis and examination<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To date, there are no diagnostic procedures with adequate sensitivity and specificity to allow early detection, and consequently, <strong>there is no effective screening program<\/strong> for malignant ovarian cancer.<br>In case of clinical suspicion, the physician will prescribe <strong>second-level investigations<\/strong>, which normally include:  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Tumor marker assay<\/strong> (Ca125, CA19.9, CA15.3, CEA, alpha-feto protein);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Level 2 <strong>transvaginal ultrasound<\/strong> performed by an experienced operator;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Computed tomography (CT) with contrast medium<\/strong> including the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If further diagnostic investigation is needed, a <strong>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the pelvis<\/strong>and\/or a <strong>total body PET scan<\/strong> may also be performed.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Definitive diagnosis of ovarian cancer<\/strong> is confirmed only by<strong>histological examination<\/strong> after surgery.  <\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69cbe0174f0b4\" class=\"external-video-block acf-block\">\n\t\t\n\n\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"therapies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Therapies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>L&#8217;<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/aree-mediche\/ovarian-cancer-center\/\">Ovarian Cancer Center<\/a> <\/strong>is a <strong>highly specialized referral center<\/strong> offering a multidisciplinary approach to patients with ovarian cancer. Treatment of ovarian cancer is <strong>individualized<\/strong> and includes both <strong>surgery<\/strong> and <strong>medical-chemotherapy treatment.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>selected cases<\/strong> and for patients who wish to have children in the future, <strong>fertility preservation treatment<\/strong>, called fertility sparing surgery, can be offered. This surgery removes the tumor while preserving part of the ovary and\/or uterus, when possible, to maintain the possibility of subsequent conception. The choice of this option is evaluated <strong>by the multidisciplinary team<\/strong>, considering the stage of the disease, the type of tumor, and the patient&#8217;s oncologic safety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Medical therapy of ovarian cancer after or before surgery includes <strong>systemic antiblastic chemotherapy<\/strong> and <strong>maintenance therapies<\/strong> that include cutting-edge biologic therapies with <strong>monoclonal antibodies<\/strong> and <strong>oral therapies <\/strong>such as PARP inhibitors. The choice of medical therapy is made with molecular diagnostic assessments.  <\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69cbe0174f149\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Early stage ovarian cancer<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"561\" data-end=\"662\">When the disease is <strong data-start=\"582\" data-end=\"620\">limited to one or both ovaries<\/strong>, surgery may include:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"1153\">\n<li data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"811\">\n<p data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"811\"><strong data-start=\"666\" data-end=\"698\">Bilateral hysteronephrectomy<\/strong>: removal of uterus and ovaries to completely remove tissue in which the disease could develop;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"812\" data-end=\"968\">\n<p data-start=\"814\" data-end=\"968\"><strong data-start=\"814\" data-end=\"860\">peritoneal staging (e.g., omentectomy)<\/strong>: removal of the omentum, an abdominal tissue that may be the site of any hidden cancer cells;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"969\" data-end=\"1153\">\n<p data-start=\"971\" data-end=\"1153\"><strong data-start=\"971\" data-end=\"1045\">Retroperitoneal staging (pelvic and lumbar-aortic lymphadenectomy)<\/strong>: removal of lymph nodes near the uterus and along the aorta to see if the disease has spread.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1155\" data-end=\"1180\"><strong data-start=\"1155\" data-end=\"1178\">Surgical access:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1181\" data-end=\"1456\">\n<li data-start=\"1181\" data-end=\"1259\">\n<p data-start=\"1183\" data-end=\"1259\"><strong data-start=\"1183\" data-end=\"1198\">Laparotomy<\/strong>: opening of the abdomen to operate directly on organs;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1260\" data-end=\"1456\">\n<p data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1456\"><strong data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1288\">operative laparoscopy<\/strong>: minimally invasive surgery through small incisions (about 5 mm), which reduces pain and recovery time.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Advanced ovarian cancer<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"172\" data-end=\"281\">When the disease <strong data-start=\"194\" data-end=\"220\">extends beyond the ovaries<\/strong>, the diagnostic and therapeutic course involves several steps:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"283\" data-end=\"2232\">\n<li data-start=\"286\" data-end=\"316\"><strong data-start=\"286\" data-end=\"314\">diagnostic laparoscopy<\/strong> to directly assess the spread of disease in the abdomen, avoiding relying solely on radiological examinations. Diagnostic laparoscopy makes it possible to observe tumor distribution and take tissue samples<strong data-start=\"551\" data-end=\"562\">(biopsies<\/strong>) for <strong data-start=\"571\" data-end=\"601\">immediate histologic examination<\/strong>, which is useful in confirming the diagnosis during surgery;<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"286\" data-end=\"316\"><strong data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"699\">cytoreducibility assessment: <\/strong>through <strong data-start=\"718\" data-end=\"738\">scoring scales<\/strong> such as Predictive<strong data-start=\"747\" data-end=\"795\"> Index Value (PIV) <\/strong>or Fagotti score, the surgical possibility of optimal cytoreduction (excision of all macroscopically visible disease or with residual tumor less than 1cm) is assessed;<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"286\" data-end=\"316\">in case of a favorable score, primary debulking <strong>surgery-<\/strong> PDS-is performed during the same surgery. Cytoreductive surgery (the removal of all macroscopically visible tumor) therefore involves the removal of the uterus and ovaries, omentum, lymph nodes if pathologically increased in volume, and all tissues or organs affected by the disease;<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"286\" data-end=\"316\"><strong data-start=\"1490\" data-end=\"1540\">if the tumor is not cytoreducible,<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"1614\" data-end=\"1632\">targeted biopsies<\/strong> are performed to accurately define the molecular and genetic type of the disease and select the most effective therapies. Patients are then started on neoadjuvant chemotherapy to reduce abdominal disease, and normally, after 3 cycles of therapy, surgery is rescheduled.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol data-start=\"283\" data-end=\"2232\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\" data-start=\"1970\" data-end=\"2232\">\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"ongoing-support\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Ongoing support<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At our institute, we ensure <strong>constant support before, during and after treatment <\/strong>to accompany each patient throughout the entire course of treatment and recovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69cbe0174f1e1\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Management of emergencies and side effects  <\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The cancer patient is often a <strong>fragile patient<\/strong>, who needs help and support in her disease journey: when she experiences an ailment, whether related to the disease or a side effect of therapy, she needs to be able to receive a specialist&#8217;s opinion quickly, through a &#8220;fast track.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For this reason, at the Candiolo Institute there is an <strong>assistance service<\/strong> every day, Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.: just call the secretary of the Oncology Day Hospital (011 993 3775) reporting the need for an urgent consultation, and the patient is quickly contacted by his or her specialist doctor.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Psychological support  <\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The impact of cancer in a person&#8217;s life also affects the<\/span><b> psychological sphere:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> falling ill with cancer is in fact always a <\/span><b>traumatic event<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that affects all dimensions of the person and can generate anxiety, fear, anger, depression.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the Candiolo Institute, alongside cutting-edge therapies, the treatment and care pathway always includes a<\/span><b> qualified psycho-oncological support <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">that helps the patient cope positively not only with treatment but also with the delicate phase of physical and psychological recovery.<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><b>It is also possible to participate in support groups <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">psychological to compare with other people who have gone through or are going through the same experience.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Direct line to specialists<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To ensure <\/span><b>timely and direct support<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and receive timely answers to concerns and questions, a dedicated support service is in place at the Candiolo Institute for all patients.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">From Monday to Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., you can <\/span><b>contact the secretariat of the oncology day hospital<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at 011.993.3775, reporting the need for urgent consultation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The patient will be <\/span><b>quickly put in touch with his or her medical specialist<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to receive clear answers and immediate support.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Continuing and palliative care<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The cancer patient is a person with <\/span><b>complex needs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that requires <\/span><b>multidisciplinary support<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> not only for the cancer disease, but also for all related issues.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the Candiolo Institute, patients who need or require it have access to <\/span><b>specialists in different areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to receive nutritional support, physical therapy, pain therapy and management of other associated conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Social work<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Social Service Department of the Candiolo Institute conducts <\/span><b>information and orientation interviews to patients and their families<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on how to access services in the area and how to obtain welfare and social security benefits provided by law (disability, benefits for aids and prostheses, work leave, etc.).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The service operates on Wednesdays and Fridays from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. (phone: 011 9933059).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Follow up<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p>With the conclusion of the course of treatment, the follow-up period begins during which, through a series of examinations and visits, <strong>the side effects of the therapies performed<\/strong> and their effectiveness are <strong>monitored<\/strong> and the patient&#8217;s functional recovery is assessed.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Follow-up visits are especially important to intercept any recurrences early, so that appropriate therapy can be intervened. For the patient, they are also a valuable opportunity for dialogue with her medical specialist.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>It is the same specialist physician who <strong>schedules follow-up visits<\/strong>, in which the patient&#8217;s health condition is assessed and reports of any required tests are viewed.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"interdisciplinary-group\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Interdisciplinary Group<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Every cancer requires, in all phases of disease management, a<strong> multidisciplinary approach<\/strong> that at the Candiolo Institute is guaranteed by a team of different specialists, belonging to the various clinical and surgical departments of the Institute: this team is called GIC (Interdisciplinary Care Group). The GIC ensures that<strong> each patient is taken care of throughout the diagnostic-therapeutic process<\/strong>, including prescribing and booking examinations and communicating with the patient and his or her family members. The GIC defines and shares a <strong>personalized care pathway<\/strong> for each patient, based not only on the type and stage of the tumor, but also on the patient&#8217;s own characteristics. The goal is to ensure that he or she has the best outcome both oncologically and functionally and the maintenance of a good quality of life.The Group also<strong> works closely with researchers<\/strong> at the Institute to ensure that patients have rapid access to the latest research-produced innovations in screening, diagnosis and treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-divisions\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical divisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The diagnostic and therapeutic pathway of cervical &#8216;ovarian cancers at Candiolo involves several clinical divisions, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/ovarian-cancer-center\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5148\">Ovarian Cancer Center<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/gynecologic-oncology-and-hereditary-tumors\/\">Gynecology Oncology and Hereditary Tumors<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/medical-oncology\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5169\">Medical Oncology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/anesthesia-and-resuscitation\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5185\">Anesthesia and resuscitation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/nuclear-medicine\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5106\">Nuclear medicine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiotherapy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5104\">Radiotherapy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiodiagnostics\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5101\">Radiodiagnostics<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/pathologic-anatomy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5118\">Pathologic anatomy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-studies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical studies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Researchers at the Candiolo Institute are currently involved in <strong>numerous national and international projects<\/strong>on gynecological cancers.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Major studies involve <strong>clinical, translational and molecular research<\/strong>. In addition, numerous experimental clinical trials of <strong>new chemotherapy drugs <\/strong>and <strong>immunotherapy<\/strong>, and experimental surgical procedures such as intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia (HIPEC) are active.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"why-choose-us\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Why choose us<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At Candiolo IRCCS Institute, every ovarian cancer patient is<strong> followed according to highly specialized standards, <\/strong>thanks to the synergistic work of a dedicated <a href=\"#gruppo-interdisciplinare\">Interdisciplinary Care Group (ICG) <\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69cbe0174f237\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical experience and tailored approach<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Due to the high number of cases treated each year, the Candiolo Institute is a <strong>national reference for taking care of esophageal cancer.<\/strong> Our experience enables us to deal with even the most complex situations, always with a <strong>personalized approach<\/strong> built on the clinical and personal profile of each patient.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Imaging technologies and advanced diagnostics<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->Establishing the treatment plan always starts with an <strong>accurate and timely diagnosis<\/strong>. Patients have access to <strong>state-of-the-art imaging technologies<\/strong> that allow accurate assessment of the extent of the disease.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->In addition, the Institute offers <strong>advanced and sophisticated laboratory investigations<\/strong>, including molecular and genomic analyses, which are critical for identifying biological features of cancer and guiding therapeutic decisions.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Minimally invasive surgical techniques and multidisciplinarity<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>When indicated, surgery is performed with <strong>minimally invasive techniques<\/strong> (laparoscopic or thoracoscopic), which reduce operative trauma, promote faster recovery, and improve postoperative quality of life. Every treatment choice is defined within the GIC, ensuring a consistent and integrated approach.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical research and access to trials<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->As an IRCCS, the Candiolo Institute combines clinical practice with a <strong>strong vocation for scientific research.<\/strong> Patients can be evaluated for inclusion in active <strong>clinical trials<\/strong>, which represent a real chance to access <strong>innovative therapies<\/strong> not yet available in standard practice. Collaboration between care and research is a distinctive value that translates into <strong>concrete opportunities for the patient<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Care and support every step of the way<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Interdisciplinary Care Group takes care of the person at every stage: from diagnosis to treatment to <strong>follow-up<\/strong>, with attention to <strong>nutritional support<\/strong>, <strong>psychological health<\/strong>, and <strong>reintegration into daily life<\/strong>. The organization of checkups, visits and treatment is designed to ensure <strong>continuity and serenity<\/strong>, always valuing the human dimension of care.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1080\" height=\"1350\" src=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Copia-di-05.jpg\" alt=\"Patient testimony\" class=\"wp-image-4444\"\/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5270","pathology","type-pathology","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tumors of the ovary - Istituto di Candiolo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ovarian cancers find out how to access Candiolo Institute protocols, early detection, and innovative treatment options.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/tumors-of-the-ovary\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tumors of the ovary - 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