{"id":5299,"date":"2024-12-11T13:21:34","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T12:21:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/patologie\/tumors-of-the-testis\/"},"modified":"2026-06-11T11:55:48","modified_gmt":"2026-06-11T09:55:48","slug":"tumors-of-the-testis","status":"publish","type":"pathology","link":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/pathology\/tumors-of-the-testis\/","title":{"rendered":"Tumors of the Testis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"pathology\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Pathology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Testicular cancer<\/strong> is a malignant tumor that develops <strong>in the tissues of one or both testes<\/strong>, the organs responsible for producing sperm and male sex hormones. <strong>In most cases, it affects only one testis<\/strong>; however, individuals who have previously been diagnosed with testicular cancer have a higher risk of developing the disease in the other testis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>five-year survival rate<\/strong> for testicular cancer is very high, particularly when the disease is detected at an early stage. Patients with localized tumors have an excellent prognosis and a high likelihood of cure. Even in more advanced cases, where the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other organs, survival outcomes remain favorable. In Italy, tens of thousands of men are living after a diagnosis of testicular cancer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Numbers in Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.registri-tumori.it\/cms\/pubblicazioni\/i-numeri-del-cancro-italia-2023\">AIRTUM<\/a><\/strong> registry (Italian Association of Cancer Registries), <strong>2,060 new cases<\/strong> were registered in 2024. It is the <strong>most common cancer between the ages of 15 and 40<\/strong>, accounting for about 1% of adult malignancies and 5% of <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/urological-surgery\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5130\">urologic<\/a> malignancies. It mostly affects young adults (average age at diagnosis: 33) and is rare after age 60.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Types of Testicular Cancer<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">he majority of testicular cancers arise from <strong>germ cells<\/strong>, the cells that develop into sperm. Testicular tumors are generally classified into the following categories:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Germ cell tumors<\/strong> (the most common type and potentially aggressive)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Seminomas<\/strong>: Account for approximately 50% of cases. They typically have a favorable prognosis and are most commonly diagnosed in men around 40 years of age.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Non-seminomas<\/strong>: More frequently occur between the ages of 18 and 30. This group includes several subtypes, such as <strong>embryonal carcinoma<\/strong>, <strong>choriocarcinoma<\/strong>, <strong>teratoma<\/strong>, and <strong>yolk sac tumor<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Non-germ cell tumors<\/strong>: These are rare tumors that arise from the supporting tissues (stroma) of the testis. They are generally benign and less likely to spread than germ cell tumors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"symptoms\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Symptoms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Testicular cancer often presents as a <strong>painless lump<\/strong>, enlargement, swelling, or a feeling of heaviness in one testicle. For this reason, it is important for men to become familiar with the normal appearance and feel of their testicles and to perform regular <strong>testicular self-examinations<\/strong>, much as women are encouraged to do with breast self-examinations. Early detection of any changes can lead to prompt medical evaluation and treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another possible symptom is the sudden onset of <strong>severe testicular pain<\/strong>, often accompanied by rapid swelling. This may occur as a result of bleeding within the tumor and should be evaluated immediately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A noticeable <strong>decrease in the size of a testicle<\/strong> can also be a warning sign and should not be overlooked. Any persistent change in the shape, size, or consistency of a testicle warrants medical attention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"risk-factors\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Risk Factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>exact causes <\/strong>of testicular cancer are <strong>not yet fully understood<\/strong>. However, several risk factors have been identified that may increase the likelihood of developing the disease. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)<\/strong>, a condition in which one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum and remain in the abdomen or groin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Abnormal testicular development<\/strong>, which may be associated with certain genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Family history<\/strong> of testicular cancer, particularly in close relatives such as a father or brother.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Age<\/strong>, as testicular cancer occurs most frequently in adolescents and young adults, especially between the ages of 15 and 40.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the presence of one or more of these risk factors may increase the risk of developing testicular cancer, many men diagnosed with the disease have no known risk factors. Likewise, <strong>having a risk factor does not necessarily mean that cancer will develop.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"diagnosis-and-evaluation\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Diagnosis and Evaluation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The diagnostic process for testicular cancer begins with a <strong>clinical assessment<\/strong> by a specialist. This includes a physical examination of the testicles to identify any abnormal masses, swelling, or areas of increased firmness that may be suggestive of a tumor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If a suspicious lesion is detected, <strong>additional diagnostic tests are performed<\/strong> to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease. These investigations may include imaging studies, such as testicular ultrasound, as well as blood tests to measure tumor markers associated with testicular cancer.<strong> Further examinations may be required <\/strong>to assess whether the cancer has spread beyond the testicle.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_6a298a19dc888\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Scrotal Ultrasound<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"24\" data-end=\"263\"><strong data-start=\"24\" data-end=\"46\">Scrotal ultrasound<\/strong> is the primary imaging test used in the evaluation of suspected testicular cancer. It is a rapid, non-invasive, and cost-effective examination with a high degree of sensitivity for detecting testicular abnormalities.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"265\" data-end=\"530\">This test is typically performed to confirm findings identified during the physical examination and to characterize any suspicious masses. It is also used to assess the <strong data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"458\">contralateral testis<\/strong> (the unaffected testicle) for the presence of additional abnormalities.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"532\" data-end=\"612\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Scrotal ultrasound is performed within the <strong data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"611\">Division of\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"532\" data-end=\"612\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Serum Tumor Markers<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qMYqUG_convSearchResultHighlightRoot\">\n<div class=\"\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-WEB:069df427-33d1-459f-b37a-ba63ae0ae394-10\" data-is-intersecting=\"true\">\n<section class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]\" dir=\"auto\" data-turn-id=\"request-WEB:069df427-33d1-459f-b37a-ba63ae0ae394-10\" data-turn-id-container=\"request-WEB:069df427-33d1-459f-b37a-ba63ae0ae394-10\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-14\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"assistant\">\n<div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pb-10 [--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-xs,calc(var(--spacing)*4))] @w-sm\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-sm,calc(var(--spacing)*6))] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-margin:var(--thread-content-margin-lg,calc(var(--spacing)*16))] px-(--thread-content-margin)\">\n<div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] @w-lg\/main:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col agent-turn\" data-conversation-screenshot-content=\"\">\n<div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col gap-4 grow\">\n<div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal outline-none keyboard-focused:focus-ring [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"0\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"8cc85e66-d326-4ec5-aa9c-222b48c5b935\" data-message-model-slug=\"gpt-5-5\" data-turn-start-message=\"true\">\n<div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden\">\n<div class=\"markdown prose dark:prose-invert wrap-break-word w-full light markdown-new-styling\">\n<p data-start=\"25\" data-end=\"120\">The main <strong data-start=\"34\" data-end=\"57\">serum tumor markers<\/strong> used in the diagnosis and monitoring of testicular cancer are:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"122\" data-end=\"233\">\n<li data-section-id=\"1b7rxic\" data-start=\"122\" data-end=\"151\"><strong data-start=\"124\" data-end=\"151\">Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"b4dt0c\" data-start=\"152\" data-end=\"199\"><strong data-start=\"154\" data-end=\"199\">Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (\u03b2-hCG)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"b56stt\" data-start=\"200\" data-end=\"233\"><strong data-start=\"202\" data-end=\"233\">Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"235\" data-end=\"546\">In <strong data-start=\"238\" data-end=\"275\">non-seminomatous germ cell tumors<\/strong>, AFP and \u03b2-hCG levels are frequently elevated. \u03b2-hCG may also be increased in some cases of <strong data-start=\"368\" data-end=\"380\">seminoma<\/strong>, although this occurs less commonly. Pure seminomas generally do not produce AFP, and an elevated AFP level may suggest the presence of a non-seminomatous component.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"717\">Unlike AFP and \u03b2-hCG, <strong data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"577\">LDH<\/strong> is a less specific marker and is considered an indicator of overall tumor burden. Higher LDH levels may reflect a larger volume of disease.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"957\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">These tumor markers should be measured both at the time of diagnosis and throughout follow-up. They play an important role in assessing response to treatment, monitoring disease progression, and enabling the early detection of recurrence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical Staging<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"22\" data-end=\"294\">Clinical staging is used <strong>to determine the extent of testicular cancer<\/strong> and guide treatment planning. <strong>It may be performed after surgery<\/strong>, once malignancy has been confirmed through histological examination, <strong>or<\/strong>, when there is a strong suspicion of cancer, <strong>even before surgery.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"296\" data-end=\"746\">Staging is typically based on <strong data-start=\"326\" data-end=\"360\">computed tomography (CT) scans<\/strong> of the chest, abdomen, and, when indicated, the pelvis. CT imaging uses X-rays to generate detailed cross-sectional and three-dimensional images of the body&#8217;s internal structures. An intravenous contrast agent is usually administered to enhance image quality and improve the detection of abnormal findings. CT examinations are performed within the <strong data-start=\"709\" data-end=\"745\">Division of Diagnostic Radiology<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"1078\">The purpose of staging is to identify whether the cancer has spread beyond the testicle. Testicular cancer most commonly spreads through the lymphatic system, particularly to the <strong data-start=\"927\" data-end=\"958\">retroperitoneal lymph nodes<\/strong>, or through the bloodstream to distant organs, most frequently the lungs and, less commonly, the liver and other sites.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1080\" data-end=\"1186\">Based on the results of staging investigations, testicular cancer is classified into the following stages:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1188\" data-end=\"1560\">\n<li data-section-id=\"k7xt1q\" data-start=\"1188\" data-end=\"1291\"><strong data-start=\"1190\" data-end=\"1202\">Stage I:<\/strong> The tumor is confined to the testis, with no evidence of spread beyond the primary site.<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1yxp38v\" data-start=\"1292\" data-end=\"1419\"><strong data-start=\"1294\" data-end=\"1307\">Stage II:<\/strong> The cancer has spread to the regional lymph nodes in the abdomen, particularly the retroperitoneal lymph nodes.<\/li>\n<li data-section-id=\"1n19vq9\" data-start=\"1420\" data-end=\"1560\"><strong data-start=\"1422\" data-end=\"1436\">Stage III:<\/strong> The cancer has spread to distant organs or tissues, most commonly the lungs, and may also involve the liver or other sites.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1562\" data-end=\"1672\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong>Accurate staging is essential for determining prognosis and selecting the most appropriate treatment strategy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Histological Examination<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>A histological examination is <strong>performed on a tissue sample obtained from the tumor<\/strong>, typically during or after surgery. The specimen is <strong>analyzed<\/strong> <strong>under a microscope<\/strong> <strong>by a <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/pathologic-anatomy\/\">pathologist<\/a><\/strong>, who evaluates the cellular and tissue characteristics to determine the exact type of cancer present.<\/p>\n<p>In testicular cancer, histological analysis is <strong>essential for establishing a definitive diagnosis.<\/strong> It allows tumors to be <strong>classified<\/strong> as <strong>germ cell tumors<\/strong>, which account for approximately <strong>95%<\/strong> of cases, or non-germ cell tumors, which are much less common. Germ cell tumors can be further categorized into <strong>seminomas<\/strong> and <strong>non-seminomas.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This distinction is particularly important because the different tumor types vary in their biological behavior, aggressiveness, prognosis, and response to treatment. Histological examination also provides additional information about <strong>specific pathological features<\/strong> that may influence staging and therapeutic decisions.<\/p>\n<p>As a result, <strong>histological assessment<\/strong> plays a <strong>central role<\/strong> in confirming the diagnosis, <strong>determining prognosis<\/strong>, and guiding the most appropriate treatment strategy for each patient.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"therapies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Therapies<\/h2>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_6a298a19dc9e4\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Surgery<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"51\" data-end=\"357\">When a malignant testicular tumor is suspected, <strong data-start=\"99\" data-end=\"152\">surgical exploration through an inguinal incision<\/strong> is the standard approach. The procedure, known as <strong data-start=\"203\" data-end=\"235\">radical inguinal orchiectomy<\/strong>, involves the removal of the affected testis, epididymis, and spermatic cord, together with the associated blood vessels.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"359\" data-end=\"627\">Following surgery, patients who wish to maintain the appearance of the scrotum may choose to have a <strong data-start=\"459\" data-end=\"484\">testicular prosthesis<\/strong> inserted. Typically made of silicone, the prosthesis can be placed within the scrotum either during the initial procedure or at a later stage.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"629\" data-end=\"887\">Radical inguinal orchiectomy serves both a <strong data-start=\"672\" data-end=\"687\">therapeutic<\/strong> and a <strong data-start=\"694\" data-end=\"708\">diagnostic<\/strong> purpose. It removes the primary tumor while also providing the tissue required for definitive histological examination, which is essential for establishing an accurate diagnosis.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"1283\">Once the diagnosis has been confirmed and the results of histological analysis, tumor marker assessment, and staging investigations have been reviewed, the case is discussed by a <strong data-start=\"1068\" data-end=\"1094\">multidisciplinary team<\/strong> of specialists. This team may include urologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and other healthcare professionals involved in the patient&#8217;s care.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1867\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Based on a comprehensive evaluation of the patient&#8217;s age, overall health, disease stage, and tumor characteristics, the multidisciplinary team develops an individualized treatment plan. The recommended treatment is then discussed with the patient, including its expected benefits, potential risks, and possible alternatives. When more than one treatment option is appropriate, the advantages and disadvantages of each approach are carefully explained to support <strong data-start=\"1747\" data-end=\"1773\">shared decision-making<\/strong> and ensure that the chosen strategy aligns with the patient&#8217;s preferences and clinical needs.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Active Surveillance<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"25\" data-end=\"227\">If the tumor is detected at an early stage, whether it is a seminoma or a non-seminomatous tumor (Stage I without risk factors), <strong data-start=\"154\" data-end=\"186\">radical inguinal orchiectomy<\/strong> may be sufficient as the sole treatment.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"229\" data-end=\"470\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">After surgery, the patient will undergo <strong data-start=\"269\" data-end=\"292\">active surveillance<\/strong>, consisting of regularly scheduled follow-up visits and examinations, including blood tests, ultrasound scans, and X-rays, to monitor for any possible recurrence of the disease.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Chemotherapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"18\" data-end=\"332\"><strong>Chemotherapy works by interfering with the growth and division of cells<\/strong>, leading to the destruction of cells that multiply more rapidly than normal, a characteristic feature of cancer cells. It has significantly improved survival outcomes for patients with both seminomatous and non-seminomatous testicular tumors.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"334\" data-end=\"420\">Chemotherapy is <strong>administered intravenously in cycles, usually on a day-hospital basis.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"691\">The type of treatment and the number of cycles depend on the tumor characteristics and the clinical stage of the disease. Chemotherapy <strong>may be used to reduce the risk of recurrence or as a therapeutic treatment<\/strong> when there is evidence of disease spread beyond the testis.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"693\" data-end=\"832\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The most commonly used regimens include <strong data-start=\"733\" data-end=\"748\">carboplatin<\/strong> and the <strong data-start=\"757\" data-end=\"772\">PEB regimen<\/strong>, which consists of <strong data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"831\">cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Radiotherapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/radiotherapy\/\"><strong>Radiation therapy<\/strong><\/a> is a treatment that uses high-energy radiation (X-rays) to destroy cancer cells. It is used almost exclusively for <strong data-start=\"156\" data-end=\"169\">seminomas<\/strong>, which are highly sensitive to radiation, unlike <strong data-start=\"219\" data-end=\"246\">non-seminomatous tumors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"249\" data-end=\"326\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The aim of radiation therapy is to treat the <strong data-start=\"294\" data-end=\"325\">retroperitoneal lymph nodes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection (RPLND)<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"51\" data-end=\"284\"><strong data-start=\"51\" data-end=\"100\">Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND)<\/strong> is a <strong>complex surgical procedure<\/strong> performed <strong>to remove lymph nodes<\/strong> located in the retroperitoneum, including the <strong data-start=\"211\" data-end=\"283\">para-aortic, paracaval, interaortocaval, and iliac lymph node chains<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"286\" data-end=\"474\">This procedure may be offered to <strong data-start=\"319\" data-end=\"340\">low-risk patients<\/strong> who are unwilling or unable to adhere to surveillance protocols, as well as to <strong data-start=\"420\" data-end=\"442\">high-risk patients<\/strong> who do not accept chemotherapy.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"476\" data-end=\"576\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">RPLND may also be indicated for the treatment of <strong data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"544\">residual masses<\/strong> that remain after chemotherapy.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"ongoing-support\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Ongoing Support<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the Candiolo Cancer Institute, patients receive continuous support&nbsp;<strong>before, during, and after treatment.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Our\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/pathology\/tumors-of-the-testis\/#multi-disciplinary-team\">multidisciplinary teams\u00a0<\/a>accompany each patient throughout the entire diagnostic, therapeutic, and recovery pathway, providing personalized care and support at every stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_6a298a19dcaf9\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Management of Side Effects<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"32\" data-end=\"334\">All <strong data-start=\"36\" data-end=\"57\">cancer treatments<\/strong> can cause <strong data-start=\"68\" data-end=\"84\">side effects<\/strong> that may affect a patient&#8217;s <strong data-start=\"113\" data-end=\"132\">quality of life<\/strong> to varying degrees. Before treatment begins, patients are informed about the <strong data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"236\">potential side effects<\/strong> associated with each therapeutic option and the measures available to <strong data-start=\"307\" data-end=\"333\">prevent or manage them<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"336\" data-end=\"538\">The <strong data-start=\"340\" data-end=\"366\">multidisciplinary team<\/strong>, including <strong data-start=\"378\" data-end=\"403\">physicians and nurses<\/strong>, provides <strong data-start=\"414\" data-end=\"433\">ongoing support<\/strong> throughout the treatment journey and helps patients address any difficulties that may arise during care.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"540\" data-end=\"740\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">In addition, before starting treatment for <strong data-start=\"583\" data-end=\"604\">testicular cancer<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"606\" data-end=\"632\">semen cryopreservation<\/strong> is generally recommended because both <strong data-start=\"671\" data-end=\"682\">surgery<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"703\">chemotherapy<\/strong> may have an impact on <strong data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"739\">fertility<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Psychological Support<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"27\" data-end=\"290\">The impact of cancer extends beyond physical health and can profoundly affect a person&#8217;s <strong data-start=\"116\" data-end=\"158\">emotional and psychological well-being<\/strong>. A cancer diagnosis is often a <strong data-start=\"190\" data-end=\"214\">traumatic life event<\/strong> that may give rise to feelings of <strong data-start=\"249\" data-end=\"289\">anxiety, fear, anger, and depression<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"564\">Alongside advanced medical treatments, the care pathway includes <strong data-start=\"357\" data-end=\"399\">specialized psycho-oncological support<\/strong>, helping patients cope with the emotional challenges of the disease, navigate treatment, and manage the delicate process of <strong data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"563\">physical and psychological recovery<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"566\" data-end=\"780\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Patients may also participate in <strong data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"631\">psychological support groups<\/strong>, which provide an opportunity to share experiences, receive mutual support, and connect with others who are facing or have faced similar challenges.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Direct Line to Specialists<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">To ensure timely support and quick answers to patients\u2019 concerns, a dedicated assistance service is available at the\u00a0<strong>Candiolo Cancer Institute<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">From\u00a0<strong>Monday to Friday<\/strong>, between\u00a0<strong>8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m.<\/strong>, patients can contact the secretariat of the oncology day hospital at\u00a0<strong>+39 011.993.3775<\/strong>\u00a0to request an urgent consultation.<\/p>\n<p>The patient will then be promptly put in contact with their treating specialist in order to receive clear information and immediate support.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Continuing Care and Palliative Care<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">A person with cancer often has\u00a0<strong>complex needs<\/strong>\u00a0that require multidisciplinary support, not only for the tumor itself but also for other related health issues.<\/p>\n<p>At the\u00a0<strong>Candiolo Cancer Institute<\/strong>, patients who need it have access to different specialists who provide\u00a0<strong>comprehensive supportive care<\/strong>, including\u00a0<strong>nutritional support<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>physiotherapy<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>pain management<\/strong>, and treatment of other associated conditions.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Social Work Services<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The\u00a0<strong>Social Service Department of the Candiolo Cancer Institute<\/strong>\u00a0provides information and guidance to patients and their families on how to access local services and obtain legally provided welfare and social security benefits, such as\u00a0<strong>disability support<\/strong>, assistance for\u00a0<strong>aids and prostheses<\/strong>, and\u00a0<strong>work leave arrangements<\/strong>, among others.<\/p>\n<p>The service is available on\u00a0<strong>Wednesdays and Fridays<\/strong>, from\u00a0<strong>9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.<\/strong>, and can be contacted at\u00a0<strong>+39 011 9933059<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Follow-up<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"20\" data-end=\"287\">At the end of treatment, patients enter the <strong data-start=\"64\" data-end=\"83\">follow-up phase<\/strong>, during which they undergo regular medical evaluations and diagnostic tests to monitor both the <strong data-start=\"180\" data-end=\"209\">side effects of treatment<\/strong> and the <strong data-start=\"218\" data-end=\"246\">effectiveness of therapy<\/strong>, while assessing their overall recovery.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"289\" data-end=\"549\">These follow-up visits are essential for the <strong data-start=\"334\" data-end=\"367\">early detection of recurrence<\/strong>, allowing prompt intervention with appropriate treatment if necessary. They also provide an important opportunity for patients to maintain an ongoing dialogue with their specialist.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"551\" data-end=\"734\">The <strong data-start=\"555\" data-end=\"577\">treating physician<\/strong> schedules the follow-up appointments, during which the patient&#8217;s <strong data-start=\"643\" data-end=\"668\">general health status<\/strong> is evaluated and the results of any tests performed are reviewed.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"962\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The follow-up protocol for <strong data-start=\"763\" data-end=\"784\">testicular cancer<\/strong> typically includes the measurement of <strong data-start=\"823\" data-end=\"846\">serum tumor markers<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"848\" data-end=\"873\">testicular ultrasound<\/strong>, and, when indicated, <strong data-start=\"896\" data-end=\"925\">radiological examinations<\/strong> such as <strong data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"946\">CT scans<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"951\" data-end=\"961\">X-rays<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"multi-disciplinary-team\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Multi Disciplinary Team<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every cancer requires a&nbsp;<strong>multidisciplinary approach<\/strong>&nbsp;at all stages of disease management. At the Candiolo Cancer Institute, this is provided by a team of specialists from various clinical and surgical departments, known as the&nbsp;<strong>GIC<\/strong>, Interdisciplinary Care Group (or MDT). The GIC ensures that each patient is supported throughout the diagnostic and therapeutic process, including arranging and coordinating examinations and maintaining communication with the patient and their family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For each patient, the GIC (MDT) defines and shares a personalized care pathway based not only on the type and stage of the tumor but also on the patient\u2019s individual characteristics. The goal is to achieve the best possible outcomes both oncologically and functionally, while maintaining a high quality of life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Group<strong>&nbsp;also collaborates closely with the Institute\u2019s researchers<\/strong>&nbsp;to provide patients with rapid access to the latest innovations in screening, diagnosis, and treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-divisions\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical Divisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The diagnostic-therapeutic pathway for testicular cancer at the Candiolo Cancer Institute involves several clinical departments, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/urological-surgery\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5130\">Urological Surgery<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/medical-oncology\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5169\">Medical Oncology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/anesthesia-and-resuscitation\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5185\">Anesthesia and Resuscitation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/nuclear-medicine\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5106\">Nuclear Medicine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/radiotherapy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5104\">Radiotherapy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/radiodiagnostics\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5101\">Radiodiagnostics<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/pathologic-anatomy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5118\">Anatomical Pathology<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-studies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical Studies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Numerous experimental and clinical studies on <strong>testicular cancer<\/strong> are currently active, as part of both national and international research projects. A dedicated <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/medical-area\/clinical-research-unit-cru\/\"><strong>Clinical Trial Unit<\/strong> <\/a>has been established to coordinate these activities, involving data managers, nurses, researchers, oncologists, surgeons, radiologists, and other specialists working in an integrated, multidisciplinary framework. These studies aim to improve the <strong>diagnosis, treatment, and quality of life<\/strong> of patients with testicular cancer. The main lines of research include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Identification of molecular and genetic markers<\/strong><br>Study of the specific characteristics of cancer cells to identify <strong>predictive and diagnostic biomarkers<\/strong>. These findings help clarify disease progression and support the development of <strong>targeted and personalized therapies<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Research on tumor DNA alterations<\/strong><br>Analysis of genetic mutations and epigenetic changes in cancer cells, with the aim of predicting <strong>treatment response<\/strong> and identifying new therapeutic targets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Immunotherapy<\/strong><br>Evaluation of treatments that stimulate the <strong>immune system<\/strong> to recognize and eliminate cancer cells.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Development of advanced imaging techniques<\/strong><br>Research into high-definition 3D technologies, such as <strong>3D image-guided surgery \/ 3D@ROBOT SURGERY<\/strong>, to improve <strong>surgical planning and intraoperative navigation<\/strong>, increasing surgical precision and reducing treatment-related side effects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Access to Clinical Trials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In selected cases<\/strong>, patients may also have the opportunity to participate in <strong>clinical trials<\/strong> aimed at evaluating the <strong>efficacy and safety of new surgical techniques, medications, or innovative therapeutic approaches<\/strong>. Participation in these studies offers access to <strong>cutting-edge treatments<\/strong>, always under <strong>close medical supervision<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"why-choose-us\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Why Choose Us<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the Candiolo IRCCS Institute, each patient with testicular cancer receives highly specialized care through the coordinated work of a dedicated <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/pathology\/tumors-of-the-testis\/#multi-disciplinary-team\">Multidisciplinary Team<\/a> or Interdisciplinary Care Group (GIC).<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_6a298a19dcbc0\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical Experience and Tailored Approach<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Thanks to the large number of cancer cases treated each year, the Candiolo Cancer Institute is a\u00a0<strong>national reference<\/strong>\u00a0center for the care of this disease. This extensive experience allows us to manage even the most complex cases, always using a\u00a0<strong>personalized approach<\/strong>, tailored to the clinical and individual profile of each patient.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Imaging Technologies and Advanced Diagnostics<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Establishing a treatment plan always begins with an accurate and timely diagnosis. Patients have access to\u00a0<strong>state-of-the-art imaging technologies<\/strong>, such as ultrasound, contrast-enhanced CT, MRI, and cholangio-RM, which are critical for accurately assessing the extent of the tumor.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Advanced laboratory tests<\/strong>, including molecular analyses, are also available to help define biological features of the disease and guide treatment choices.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques and Multidisciplinarity<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>When indicated, surgery is performed using <strong data-start=\"43\" data-end=\"76\">minimally invasive techniques<\/strong> (laparoscopic or thoracoscopic), which reduce <strong data-start=\"123\" data-end=\"142\">surgical trauma<\/strong>, promote <strong data-start=\"152\" data-end=\"171\">faster recovery<\/strong>, and improve <strong data-start=\"185\" data-end=\"218\">postoperative quality of life<\/strong>. Every treatment decision is defined within the <strong data-start=\"267\" data-end=\"305\">Multidisciplinary Team (GIC)<\/strong>, ensuring a <strong data-start=\"318\" data-end=\"357\">coordinated and integrated approach<\/strong> to patient management.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical Research and Access to Trials<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p>As an IRCCS (Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization, and Healthcare), the Candiolo Cancer Institute <strong>combines clinical care with a strong focus on scientific research.<\/strong> Patients can be considered for\u00a0<strong>participation in active clinical trials<\/strong>, offering access to innovative therapies not yet available in standard practice. This integration of care and research is a distinctive strength that translates into tangible benefits for patients.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Care and Support Every Step of the Way<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Interdisciplinary Care Group\u00a0 (GIC or MDT)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/pathology\/tumors-of-the-testis\/#multi-disciplinary-team\"><strong>supports th<\/strong><strong>e patient at every stage<\/strong>:<\/a> from diagnosis, through treatment, to follow-up. Special attention is paid to<strong>\u00a0nutritional support, psychological health and reintegration into daily life.<\/strong>\u00a0The organization of checkups, examinations, and treatment is designed to ensure\u00a0<strong>continuity, serenity, and a humane, caring<\/strong>\u00a0approach to each patient\u2019s needs.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5299","pathology","type-pathology","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tumors of the Testis - Istituto di Candiolo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In Candiolo, a few kilometers from Turin, technology, research and advanced treatments for the diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer. 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