{"id":5299,"date":"2024-12-11T13:21:34","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T12:21:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/patologie\/tumors-of-the-testis\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T14:34:40","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T13:34:40","slug":"tumors-of-the-testis","status":"publish","type":"pathology","link":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/tumors-of-the-testis\/","title":{"rendered":"Tumors of the testis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"pathology\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Pathology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Testicular cancer is a neoplasm that arises in the tissues of one or both testes, the organs responsible for producing sperm and male hormones.<strong> It usually affects only one testicle<\/strong>, but those who have had it in the past have an increased risk of developing it in the other one as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong> Survival <\/strong>at five years after diagnosis is <strong>very high<\/strong>, especially when the tumor is<strong> discovered early<\/strong>. Localized cases offer an excellent chance of cure, while in more advanced forms, with involvement of lymph nodes or other organs, the chances of survival are still good. In Italy, there are several tens of thousands of men living with a diagnosis of testicular cancer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The numbers in Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>According to the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.registri-tumori.it\/cms\/pubblicazioni\/i-numeri-del-cancro-italia-2023\">AIRTUM registry data.<\/a><\/strong>, <strong>2,060 new cases<\/strong> were registered in 2024. It is the <strong>most common cancer between the ages of 15 and 40<\/strong>, accounting for about 1% of adult malignancies and 5% of <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/urological-surgery\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5130\">urologic<\/a> malignancies. It mostly affects young adults (average age at diagnosis: 33) and is rare after age 60.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Most cases originate from <strong>germ cells<\/strong>, which give rise to spermatozoa. According to type, they are distinguished:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Germ cell tumors<\/strong> (most common and potentially aggressive)\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Seminomas<\/strong>: about 50% of cases, generally favorable course, frequent around 40 years of age<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Non-seminomas<\/strong>: most frequent between the ages of 18 and 30, include embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, teratoma, and yolk sac tumor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nongerminal tumors<\/strong>: rare and usually benign, originating from the testicular stroma.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"symptoms\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Symptoms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Testicular cancer often manifests with the<strong> appearance of a lump<\/strong>, an increase in size, swelling, or a <strong>feeling of weight <\/strong>in the testicle. For this reason, it is <strong>critical that men learn<\/strong> to periodically check their testicles with<strong>self-examination<\/strong>, similar to what women do for their breasts, in order to <strong>detect any changes early<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another important sign may be a <strong>sudden<\/strong>, intense <strong>pain<\/strong> in the testicle, often accompanied by rapid enlargement, which may result from possible bleeding within the tumor.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A <strong>reduction in the size of<\/strong> the testicle itself can also be a red flag that should not be underestimated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"risk-factors\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Risk factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The exact causes of testicular cancer <strong>still remain unknown<\/strong>, but to date several risk factors are recognized that may promote its occurrence. Some of the main ones include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cryptorchidism<\/strong>, which is the failure of the testicle to descend, which instead of sliding into the scrotum, remains in the abdomen or groin;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Abnormal <\/strong>testicular <strong>development <\/strong>due to diseases such as Klinefelter syndrome;  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Familiarity<\/strong>, that is, the presence of cases of testicular cancer in the family;  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>age<\/strong>, as this condition mostly affects young people, particularly between the ages of 15 and 40.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"diagnosis-and-examination\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Diagnosis and examination<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The first step in diagnosing a testicular tumor by the specialist is <strong>clinical evaluation<\/strong>, which includes an objective examination designed to identify any neoformations or increased consistency at the testicular level. If a suspicious mass is detected, further diagnostic investigations are carried out.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c535ef79004\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Scrotal ultrasound<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is the<\/span><b>imaging examination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">  reference because it is rapid, inexpensive, and has high sensitivity. It is typically used as a diagnostic confirmation following the objective examination and is also used to evaluate the contralateral testis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">  Scrotal ultrasound is performed at the Division of Radiation Diagnostics.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Serological markers<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These are alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (b-HCG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). In non-seminomatous neoplasms, AFP and b-HCG are often elevated. The latter can also be elevated, but less frequently, in cases of seminoma. Generally, the seminoma does not express AFP.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In contrast, LDH represents an index of tumor volume. These markers should be performed at both the diagnosis and follow-up stages in order to monitor the outcome of the therapies performed and diagnose any recurrence early.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical staging<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"101\" data-end=\"317\"><strong>Staging of the disease<\/strong> can be performed after surgery, with histological confirmation of malignancy, or, if there is a strong diagnostic suspicion, even before surgery.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"319\" data-end=\"748\">The staging process is generally based on performing a CT (computed tomography) scan of the chest and abdomen. This examination uses ionizing radiation (X-rays) to obtain very detailed three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. To improve image quality, contrast medium is administered. CT scanning is performed at the Division of Radiodiagnostics.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"750\" data-end=\"944\">The examination allows for the detection of metastases, which can spread through lymph nodes, especially retroperitoneal ones, or through the blood, reaching organs such as the lungs.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"946\" data-end=\"1029\">Based on staging test results, the disease is classified into:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1031\" data-end=\"1225\">\n<li data-start=\"1031\" data-end=\"1073\">\n<p data-start=\"1033\" data-end=\"1073\"><strong>Stage I:<\/strong> tumor confined to the testis;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1074\" data-end=\"1134\">\n<p data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1134\"><strong>Stage II:<\/strong> tumor that has spread to abdominal lymph nodes;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1225\">\n<p data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1225\"><strong>Stage III:<\/strong> tumor with distant spread, involving organs such as lungs and liver<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Histological examination<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Histologic examination is an analysis <strong>performed on a tissue sample taken from the tumor,<\/strong> usually during or after surgery. This specimen is examined under a microscope by the anatomo-pathologist, who studies the cellular characteristics to identify the precise type of neoplasm present.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the case of testicular tumors, histologic examination<strong> makes it possible to distinguish between germinal ne<\/strong> oplasms (about 95% of cases) and <strong>non-germinal ne<\/strong>oplasms, and to further classify germinal neoplasms into seminomas or non-seminomas. This distinction is critical because<strong> each type has different characteristics in<\/strong>terms of aggressiveness, prognosis, and treatment. Histological examination is therefore essential to define the exact diagnosis and guide treatment choices.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"therapies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Therapies<\/h2>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c535ef79065\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Surgery<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"67\" data-end=\"386\"><strong>In the presence of a suspected malignant<\/strong> testicular <strong>tumor<\/strong>,<strong> surgical exploration<\/strong>, which is performed through an inguinal incision,<strong> is always recommended<\/strong>. The surgery, called <strong>orchifunicolectomy<\/strong>, involves the removal of the testis, epididymis and spermatic funiculus along with related blood vessels.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"388\" data-end=\"768\">After surgery, if the patient wishes, <strong>a<\/strong> silicone <strong>testicular prosthesis may be inserted<\/strong> inside the scrotum to preserve its cosmetic appearance. This surgery has a <strong>dual function:<\/strong> on the one hand, it allows the removal of the tumor mass (therapeutic); on the other hand, it allows the tissue needed for definitive histological analysis (diagnostic) to be obtained.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"770\" data-end=\"1152\">Once the diagnosis has been confirmed through histologic examination, and the results of staging tests and tumor markers have been evaluated, the multidisciplinary team of specialists meets to define an individualized course of treatment. This planning takes into account the patient&#8217;s age, general health condition, and specific tumor characteristics.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1401\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">At the end of the discussion, the doctor presents the patient with the therapy deemed most suitable for his or her case, explaining its benefits and, if there are multiple possible treatment options, also explaining their advantages and disadvantages for a shared decision.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Active surveillance<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>If the tumor is discovered at an early stage, whether it is a seminoma or a non-seminomatous tumor (stage I without risk factors), orchifunicolectomy may be sufficient as the only treatment.<\/p>\n<p>Thereafter, the patient will undergo active surveillance, including <strong>regularly scheduled checkups<\/strong>, including blood tests, ultrasounds, and X-rays, to monitor for possible disease recurrence.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Chemotherapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chemotherapy hinders the growth and reproduction of cells and causes the death of cells that multiply faster than normal, a typical feature of cancer cells. <strong>It very importantly improves the survival of patients with testicular tumors<\/strong>, both seminomatous and non-seminomatous.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Chemotherapy <strong>is administered in cycles<\/strong>, intravenously, on a day-hospital basis.<\/p>\n<p>The type and number of chemotherapy cycles depend on tumor characteristics and clinical stage. It may be administered in order to reduce the risk of recurrence or for therapeutic purposes if there is evidence of distant extension of the disease.<\/p>\n<p>The most commonly used drugs are carboplatin or the PEB scheme (cisplatin, etoposide, bleomycin).<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Radiotherapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Radiation therapy is a treatment that uses <strong>high-energy radiation (X-rays) to destroy cancer cells<\/strong>. It is used almost exclusively in seminomas, which are very sensitive to radiation unlike non-seminomatous tumors.<\/p>\n<p>The purpose of <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/reservations\/radioterapia-2\/\">radiation therapy<\/a> is to treat retroperitoneal lymph nodes.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Dissection of retroperitoneal lymph nodes<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>This is a <strong>complex surgical procedure<\/strong> aimed at removing retroperitoneal lymph node chains (para-aortic, paracaval, interaorto-caval, and iliac).<\/p>\n<p>It can be offered to low-risk patients who are unwilling (or unable) to follow surveillance protocols, as well as high-risk patients who do not accept chemotherapy.<\/p>\n<p>It also finds indication in so-called &#8220;residual masses&#8221; after chemotherapy.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"ongoing-support\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Ongoing support<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At our institute, we ensure <strong>constant support before, during and after treatment <\/strong>to accompany each patient throughout the entire course of treatment and recovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c535ef790b3\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Management of side effects<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"342\">All cancer therapies can cause side effects that variably affect the patient&#8217;s quality of life. At the Candiolo Institute, before starting treatment,<strong> the patient is always informed<\/strong> about the possible side effects associated with each treatment option and the solutions available to manage them.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"344\" data-end=\"552\">The multidisciplinary team, consisting of physicians and nurses, is on hand to offer ongoing support and help the patient cope with difficulties that may arise during the course of care.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"554\" data-end=\"787\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">In addition, prior to initiating treatment for testicular cancer, <strong>cryopreservation of semen<\/strong> is <strong>generally recommended<\/strong>, given the possible impairment of fertility caused by both surgery and chemotherapy.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Psychological support<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The impact of cancer in a person&#8217;s life<strong> also<\/strong> affects<strong> the psychological sphere<\/strong>: getting cancer is in fact always a traumatic event that affects all dimensions of a person and can generate anxiety, fear, anger, and depression.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the Candiolo Institute, alongside cutting-edge therapies, the treatment and care pathway always includes qualified <strong>psycho-oncological support<\/strong> that helps patients cope positively not only with treatment but also with the delicate phase of physical and psychological recovery.<\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can also participate in <strong>psychological support groups to compare yourself with others<\/strong> who have gone through or are going through the same experience.  <\/span><\/h3>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Direct line to specialists<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To ensure <\/span><b>timely and direct support<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and receive timely answers to concerns and questions, a dedicated support service is in place at the Candiolo Institute for all patients.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">From Monday to Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., you can <\/span><b>contact the secretariat of the oncology day hospital<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> at 011.993.3775, reporting the need for urgent consultation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The patient will be <\/span><b>quickly put in touch with his or her medical specialist<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, to receive clear answers and immediate support.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Continuing and palliative care<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The cancer patient is a person with <\/span><b>complex needs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that requires <\/span><b>multidisciplinary support<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> not only for the cancer disease, but also for all related issues.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">At the Candiolo Institute, patients who need or require it have access to <\/span><b>specialists in different areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to receive nutritional support, physical therapy, pain therapy and management of other associated conditions.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Social work<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Social Service Department of the Candiolo Institute conducts <\/span><b>information and orientation interviews to patients and their families<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> on how to access services in the area and how to obtain welfare and social security benefits provided by law (disability, benefits for aids and prostheses, work leave, etc.).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The service operates on Wednesdays and Fridays from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. (phone: 011 9933059).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Follow up<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"280\"><strong>At the end of the treatment course<\/strong>, the follow-up period begins, during which the patient undergoes<strong> examinations<\/strong> and a<strong> series of tests to monitor both the side effects of the treatment received and the effectiveness of the treatment,<\/strong> while assessing his or her recovery.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"282\" data-end=\"536\">These checks are critical for<strong> early detection of any recurrence<\/strong>, allowing rapid intervention with appropriate therapies. They also provide a valuable opportunity to maintain an <strong>ongoing dialogue with the specialist<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"538\" data-end=\"710\">It is the attending physician who schedules<strong> follow-up visits<\/strong>, during which the patient&#8217;s general condition is assessed and the results of the tests performed are analyzed.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"712\" data-end=\"905\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\">The follow-up protocol for testicular cancer includes the <strong>assay of tumor markers in the blood<\/strong>, testicular ultrasound, and, when necessary, radiological examinations such as CT scans and X-rays.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"interdisciplinary-group\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Interdisciplinary Group<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Every cancer requires, in all phases of disease management, a<strong> multidisciplinary approach<\/strong> that at the Candiolo Institute is guaranteed by a team of different specialists, belonging to the various clinical and surgical departments of the Institute: this team is called GIC (Interdisciplinary Care Group). The GIC ensures that<strong> each patient is taken care of throughout the diagnostic-therapeutic process<\/strong>, including prescribing and booking examinations and communicating with the patient and his or her family members. The GIC defines and shares a <strong>personalized care pathway<\/strong> for each patient, based not only on the type and stage of the tumor, but also on the patient&#8217;s own characteristics. The goal is to ensure that he or she has the best outcome both oncologically and functionally and the maintenance of a good quality of life.The Group also<strong> works closely with researchers<\/strong> at the Institute to ensure that patients have rapid access to the latest research-produced innovations in screening, diagnosis and treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-divisions\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical divisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The diagnostic-therapeutic pathway for testicular cancer at Candiolo involves several clinical divisions, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/urological-surgery\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5130\">Urological Surgery<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/medical-oncology\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5169\">Medical Oncology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/anesthesia-and-resuscitation\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5185\">Anesthesia and resuscitation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/nuclear-medicine\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5106\">Nuclear medicine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiotherapy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5104\">Radiotherapy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiodiagnostics\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5101\">Radiodiagnostics<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/pathologic-anatomy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5118\">Pathologic anatomy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-studies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical studies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Numerous experimental and clinical studies<\/strong> dedicated to testicular cancer are<strong>active<\/strong>, part of national and international projects. A<strong> Clinical Trial Unit<\/strong> has been established to coordinate these activities, involving data managers, nurses, researchers, oncologists, surgeons, radiologists and other specialists in an integrated way. These studies<strong> aim to improve the diagnosis, treatment and quality of life <\/strong>of patients with testicular cancer. Following are some of the main lines of research:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Identification of molecular and genetic markers<\/strong><br>Study of specific characteristics of individual cancer cells to identify predictive and diagnostic markers. These data can help understand the evolution of the disease and develop targeted and personalized drugs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Research on alterations in tumor DNA<\/strong><br>Analysis of genetic mutations and epigenetic changes present in cancer cells, with the goal of predicting response to treatments and identifying new therapies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Immunotherapy<\/strong><br>Evaluation of the effectiveness of immunotherapy, which stimulates the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Development of advanced imaging techniques<\/strong><br>Research on the use of high-definition 3D models, such as <strong>3D Image Guided Surgery \/ 3D@ROBOT SURGERY,<\/strong> to improve surgical planning and intraoperative navigation, thereby increasing the accuracy of surgeries and reducing side effects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Access to clinical trials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>selected cases<\/strong>, patients may also have the opportunity to participate in <strong>clinical trials<\/strong> that aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of new surgical techniques, drugs, or innovative therapeutic approaches. Participation in these studies represents an important opportunity to access cutting-edge treatments, always under close medical supervision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"why-choose-us\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Why choose us<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At Candiolo IRCCS Institute, every testicular cancer patient is<strong> followed in a highly specialized manner<\/strong>, thanks to the synergistic work of a dedicated <a href=\"#gruppo-interdisciplinare\">Interdisciplinary Care Group (ICG) <\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c535ef790f7\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical experience and tailored approach<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Due to the high number of cases treated each year, the Candiolo Institute is a <strong>national reference for taking care of esophageal cancer.<\/strong> Our experience enables us to deal with even the most complex situations, always with a <strong>personalized approach<\/strong> built on the clinical and personal profile of each patient.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Imaging technologies and advanced diagnostics<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->Establishing the treatment plan always starts with an <strong>accurate and timely diagnosis<\/strong>. Patients have access to <strong>state-of-the-art imaging technologies<\/strong> that allow accurate assessment of the extent of the disease.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->In addition, the Institute offers <strong>advanced and sophisticated laboratory investigations<\/strong>, including molecular and genomic analyses, which are critical for identifying biological features of cancer and guiding therapeutic decisions.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Minimally invasive surgical techniques and multidisciplinarity<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>When indicated, surgery is performed with <strong>minimally invasive techniques<\/strong> (laparoscopic or thoracoscopic), which reduce operative trauma, promote faster recovery, and improve postoperative quality of life. Every treatment choice is defined within the GIC, ensuring a consistent and integrated approach.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical research and access to trials<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->As an IRCCS, the Candiolo Institute combines clinical practice with a <strong>strong vocation for scientific research.<\/strong> Patients can be evaluated for inclusion in active <strong>clinical trials<\/strong>, which represent a real chance to access <strong>innovative therapies<\/strong> not yet available in standard practice. Collaboration between care and research is a distinctive value that translates into <strong>concrete opportunities for the patient<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Care and support every step of the way<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Interdisciplinary Care Group takes care of the person at every stage: from diagnosis to treatment to <strong>follow-up<\/strong>, with attention to <strong>nutritional support<\/strong>, <strong>psychological health<\/strong>, and <strong>reintegration into daily life<\/strong>. The organization of checkups, visits and treatment is designed to ensure <strong>continuity and serenity<\/strong>, always valuing the human dimension of care.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5299","pathology","type-pathology","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tumors of the testis - Istituto di Candiolo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In Candiolo, a few kilometers from Turin, technology, research and advanced treatments for the diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer. 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