{"id":5313,"date":"2024-12-11T11:43:56","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T10:43:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/patologie\/bladder-tumors\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T14:32:55","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T13:32:55","slug":"bladder-tumors","status":"publish","type":"pathology","link":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/bladder-tumors\/","title":{"rendered":"Bladder tumors"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"pathology\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Pathology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bladder cancer arises from malignant transformation of cells in the bladder, an organ that collects urine before it is eliminated from the body.  <br>In 90% of cases, these are urothelial tumors, that is, they originate from the cells of the urothelium, the tissue lining the inside of the urinary tract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This cancer is <strong>particularly associated with<\/strong> cigarette <strong>smoking<\/strong>, is most common between the ages of 60 and 70, and<strong> affects men almost 4 times more <\/strong>than women.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The numbers in Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Bladder cancer accounts for about <strong>7 percent of all new cancers<\/strong>, making it the <strong>second most common malignancy in <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/urological-surgery\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5130\">urology<\/a><\/strong>, after prostate cancer. In 2023, according to the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.registri-tumori.it\/cms\/pubblicazioni\/i-numeri-del-cancro-italia-2023\">AIRTUM registry<\/a><\/strong> (Italian Association of Cancer Registries), bladder cancer in Italy recorded <strong>about 31,016 new diagnoses<\/strong> (25,227 men and 5,789 women), 11.4 percent and 3.2 percent of all incident cancers, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Transitional cell <strong>urothelial carcinoma<\/strong> accounts for about<strong> 90% of all bladder cancers<\/strong>. This can occur in superficial (about two-thirds of cases) or infiltrating forms (muscle-infiltrating tumors);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other, rarer types include <strong>adenocarcinoma <\/strong>and <strong>primary squamous cell carcinoma<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>behavior of bladder cancer can be variable<\/strong>, with important differences in aggressiveness, possibility of recurrence, and metastatic spread.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"symptoms\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Symptoms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bladder cancer can also manifest with symptoms common to other urinary tract diseases. Frequent signs include the <strong>presence of blood in the urine<\/strong> (hematuria), often accompanied by clots, a<strong>burning <\/strong>sensation<strong>or pain <\/strong>in the bladder area, difficulty or pain during urination, and an increased susceptibility to urinary infections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"risk-factors\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Risk factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The main risk factors are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cigarette smoke<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Prolonged exposure to chemicals<\/strong> such as aromatic amines and nitrosamines, common in textile, dye, rubber and leather industries;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Previous radiotherapy in the pelvic area<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use of <strong>drugs<\/strong> such as cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide<strong>;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> <strong> infections by parasites<\/strong>such as <em>Schistosoma haematobium<\/em> (widespread mainly in Egypt);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong> diet<\/strong> plays an important role: high consumption of fried foods and fats is linked to increased risk;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>there is evidence of a <strong>genetic predisposition<\/strong> that may influence in the development of the disease.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"diagnosis-and-examination\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Diagnosis and examination<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The diagnostic pathway for bladder cancer usually begins with a visit to the <strong>family doctor<\/strong>, to whom the patient reports the most frequent symptom: the presence of blood in the urine. This symptom causes the physician to prescribe, in addition to blood tests, specific urinalysis (urinary cytology) to ascertain whether it contains cancer cells. The next step is a specialist visit with the <strong>urologist<\/strong>, who will evaluate the necessary tests to complete the diagnostic pathway.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c535861b1e7\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Ultrasound<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is a diagnostic technique that allows parts of the human body to be visualized on a screen and analyzed using sound waves (ultrasound) emitted by a special probe. It is a simple, noninvasive examination that is performed by placing the probe on the patient&#8217;s abdomen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ultrasonography makes it possible to assess <\/span><b>size and morphology of the bladder<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and to reliably distinguish between <\/span><b>benign and malignant lesions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. To obtain satisfactory ultrasound images, it is necessary that the patient&#8217;s bladder be well distended and thus full of urine.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The examination is performed at the Division of Radiodiagnostics and usually takes about 10 minutes.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Computed Tomography (CT)<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CT scan, a diagnostic technique that <strong>uses X-rays<\/strong> to create highly detailed, three-dimensional images of various areas of the body, is used to <\/span><b>ascertain the presence of a tumor in the bladder and whether it has spread to the lymph nodes <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and other nearby organs (for example, in the ureters, the channels that connect the kidneys to the bladder).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The examination requires a<strong> contrast agent<\/strong> that is injected into the vein. It is performed on an empty stomach at the Division of Radiodiagnostics and lasts about a quarter of an hour, during which time the patient should remain as still as possible.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Cystoscopy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is an examination that allows the urologist to <\/span><b>directly visualize the internal structure of the bladder<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <strong>Through the urethra<\/strong>, that is, the channel that carries urine to the outside of the body, a thin, flexible probe, equipped with a camera, is introduced into the bladder, allowing the doctor to inspect the inside of the organ and possibly even take suspicious tissue samples (biopsies) that will then be analyzed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The examination is performed on an outpatient basis and takes only a few minutes.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Histological examination<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bladder cancer can present in <strong>different stages and with different characteristics<\/strong> that make it more or less aggressive. The accurate assessment of tumor characteristics, carried out by the anatomopathologist by means of the<\/span><b>histologic examination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, is therefore critical to the selection of the most appropriate treatment course for the individual patient.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By microscopically examining tissues taken by means of a <\/span><b>biopsy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (outpatient or in the operating room), the anatomopathologist identifies the type of tumor: in 75% of cases, bladder cancer is superficial (<\/span><b>urothelial carcinoma<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) i.e., limited to the most superficial layers of the bladder, while in 25% of cases it is <\/span><b>infiltrating<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, that is, it tends to develop outside the bladder and invade other organs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The anatomic pathologist then defines the appearance and growth pattern of the tumor (papillary or invasive) and how deep the infiltration of the disease is within the bladder mucosa.  <strong>It then determines the stage and grade of the tumor.  <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Staging and tumor grade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong> Stage<\/strong> measures the size of the tumor and whether it has spread outside the bladder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Stage zero to stage one<\/strong>: the tumor is small and has developed only on the mucosa, the innermost part of the bladder (superficial tumor)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Second to third stage<\/strong>: cancer cells have invaded the muscle lining of the bladder, or even the layer of tissue surrounding it (infiltrating tumor)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Stage four<\/strong>: the tumor has grown outside the bladder and cancer cells have invaded lymph nodes and other organs (metastatic cancer).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong> Grade<\/strong> 1 to 3 measures how much the cancer cells differ from normal cells. This difference is indicative of the aggressiveness of the disease:  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Grade 1:<\/strong> normal-like cells, slow growth, less likely to spread.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Grade 2:<\/strong> cells with characteristics intermediate between grade 1 and grade 3, with less predictable behavior.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Grade 3:<\/strong> Very abnormal cells, rapid growth and greater tendency to spread.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"therapies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Therapies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After diagnosis, the <strong><a href=\"#gruppo-interdisciplinare\">Interdisciplinary Group<\/a> <\/strong>carefully evaluates various factors-such as the stage and aggressiveness of the tumor, the patient&#8217;s age and health status-to devise an<strong> individualized course of treatment<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>superficial tumors,<\/strong> the main treatment is<strong> tumor removal<\/strong> by transurethral resection, often followed by chemotherapy or local immunotherapy in the bladder to reduce the risk of recurrence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In<strong> infiltrating tumors<\/strong>, which are more aggressive and involve the thickness of the bladder wall, endoscopic surgery is not enough: a<strong> course of chemotherapy or immunotherapy<\/strong> is started to reduce the disease, followed after about three months by<strong>surgical removal of <\/strong>the bladder (cystectomy) or radiation therapy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For <strong>advanced or metastatic tumors<\/strong>, treatments include several options, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and treatments aimed at relieving symptoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, <strong>for some patients <\/strong>with particularly aggressive tumors that are resistant to standard therapies, experimental therapies can be accessed through<strong><a href=\"#studi-clinici\"> clinical trials.<\/a><\/strong> This opportunity is proposed only if evaluated feasible by the Interdisciplinary Group and discussed with the patient for a shared choice.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c535861b2a3\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Surgery<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->Surgery for bladder cancer consists of<strong>removal of only the tumor nodule <\/strong>(transurethral bladder resection) in the case of superficial and early-stage cancer, or<strong>removal of the entire bladder<\/strong> (radical cystectomy) in the case of more extensive and aggressive cancer.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><strong>Transurethral bladder resection (TURB)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->It is a <strong>conservative surgery<\/strong> that involves removing the tumor endoscopically, passing through the urethra (the channel that connects the bladder with the outside). This procedure, which takes place under <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/aree-mediche\/anestesia-e-rianimazione\/\">spinal or general anesthesia<\/a>, is performed in the operating room.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->Using a tubular instrument equipped with optical fibers introduced into the bladder along the urethra, the surgeon visualizes the tumor and removes it from the bladder surface with an electrosurgical scalpel.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->The patient will then be fitted with a catheter, which he or she will have to wear for several days after the procedure. Hospitalization is usually completed 48 hours <strong>after surgery, and after a few weeks the patient can resume normal physical activity.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><strong>Radical cystectomy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->This surgery involves the removal of the entire bladder and lymph nodes. At the Candiolo Institute, it can be performed with a <strong>minimally invasive approach<\/strong> and with the use of <strong>robotic surgery <\/strong>if indicated: through <strong>six tiny incisions of about 1 centimeter <\/strong>, laparoscopic instruments are inserted and operated by the surgeon via an external console.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->Thanks to <strong>three-dimensional, high-definition vision<\/strong> and the elimination of human tremor, the surgery is performed with extreme precision and preserves nerve and muscle tissue whenever possible. For the patient, this implies faster recovery, fewer complications and a short hospital stay.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->Specifically, cystectomy with robotic surgery, in most cases, spares the nerves critical for erection in men and preserves the uterus, ovaries, and vagina in women, <strong>preserving the sexual functions<\/strong> of both.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph -->Bladder removal involves <strong>creating an alternative route<\/strong> by which to eliminate urine<strong>(urinary detour<\/strong>). It can be <strong>external<\/strong>, through an opening in the abdominal wall<strong>(stoma<\/strong>) connected to a pouch, or the surgeon can create an <strong>internal <\/strong>urine <strong>reservoir <\/strong><strong>(neobladder<\/strong>) using a portion of the intestine that is connected to the urethra. The neovesicle needs to be emptied periodically, and the patient will have to learn a new way of urinating: <strong>specific rehabilitation<\/strong> is planned for this.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Radiotherapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Radiation therapy can be an alternative to cystectomy surgery in cases of infiltrating tumor that has not yet grown outside the bladder and for patients who are inoperable due to other coexisting diseases.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Radiation treatment is performed <strong>after endoscopic resection and in combination with chemotherapy<\/strong> and allows for complete elimination of any remaining disease cells within the bladder, without removing it.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Radiation therapy is administered through the use of a machine that directs a<strong> targeted beam of radiation from outside the body directly onto the bladder<\/strong> at daily doses. Therapy is conducted on an <strong>outpatient basis<\/strong> and typically involves 5 to 7 sessions per week (Monday to Friday) for 4 to 7 weeks. Each session can last 10 to 30 minutes, but the actual irradiation takes only a few minutes.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The <strong>latest generation of radiation therapy devices<\/strong> are also available at the Candiolo Institute, allowing treatment to be carried out with extreme precision, in a shorter time (as little as a week) and with mild side effects:<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:list --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<li><strong>3D conformal<\/strong> radiotherapy, i.e., shaped to the tumor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Intensity-modulated<\/strong> radiation therapy, where the radiation dose is even more precisely distributed around the tumor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Image-guided<\/strong> radiotherapy, which allows the patient&#8217;s natural movements, such as breathing, to be followed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --> <!-- wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Adaptive Radiotheraphy<\/strong>, which allows the irradiation area to be adapted in real time according to the patient&#8217;s anatomical features and the movements of the surrounding areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:list --><\/p>\n<p>The Candiolo Institute is <strong>one of the few centers in Europe<\/strong> equipped with two pieces of equipment for Tomotherapy, a form of very high-precision radiotherapy, as well as a True Beam accelerator, which allows <strong>very targeted treatments<\/strong> to be performed <strong>in a short time<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Immunotherapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Immunotherapy involves the use of <strong>drugs that can restore the immune system&#8217;s ability<\/strong> to attack and destroy cancer cells.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>For high-grade bladder cancer but still confined to the bladder, a drug containing <strong>bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) <\/strong>-the same one used to vaccinate against tuberculosis-is used, which, instilled in the bladder, stimulates the patient&#8217;s immune system to eliminate cancer cells. It can be administered, in combination with chemotherapy, after transurethral resection to reduce the risk of return of disease, or before cystectomy to reduce tumor size.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong> BCG vaccine<\/strong> is administered directly into the bladder through a catheter and left for several hours before being excreted. Instillations can be performed at weekly or monthly intervals for a period of 1 to 3 years.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Other immunotherapy drugs are used to treat advanced or metastatic bladder cancer. In these cases they are administered intravenously.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In particular, the immunotherapy drug Pembrolizumab is being studied, which, administered before surgery, appears effective in shrinking or disappearing the tumor.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Chemotherapy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The term chemotherapy refers to <strong>drugs that eliminate cancer cells <\/strong>by exploiting their faster rate of reproduction than healthy cells. Because it interferes with the replication mechanisms of cells, chemotherapy also damages healthy cells in the body causing major <strong>side effects<\/strong> that fortunately disappear once the treatment is over.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In superficial bladder tumors, chemotherapy is used in combination with immunotherapy after transurethral resection in order to eliminate any residual cancer cells and reduce the risk of disease recurrence.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Administration<\/strong> is by <strong>intravesical instillation<\/strong>: the chemotherapy drug, in liquid form, is introduced directly into the bladder through a catheter inserted into the urethra and kept inside for at least an hour before being expelled.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Typically, multiple instillations are performed at first weekly and then monthly intervals, but the pattern may vary depending on the characteristics of the tumor and the drug used.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The procedure is performed on<strong> an outpatient basis<\/strong>, is quick and generally not painful.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In infiltrating tumors, on the other hand, chemotherapy is administered <strong>intravenously<\/strong>. It can be used-even in combination with immunotherapy-both before cystectomy surgery or radiation therapy in order to reduce tumor size and after surgery.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>It is administered through treatment cycles at variable intervals (weekly, tri-weekly). Sessions are performed on an outpatient basis and can last from minutes to hours depending on the drugs used.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In advanced or metastatic cancers, chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy is used to slow the spread of the disease and to treat metastases<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"ongoing-support\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Ongoing support<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At our institute, we guarantee <strong>constant support before, during and after treatment<\/strong> to accompany each patient throughout the entire course of treatment and recovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c535861b31b\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Management of side effects<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>All cancer treatments involve <strong>side effects<\/strong> that impact the patient&#8217;s quality of life more or less severely. Treatments for bladder cancer, especially bladder removal in cases of infiltrating cancer, involve major side effects that change the way people cope with daily life.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The physicians and nurses on the multidisciplinary team are available to provide the patient with all the support he or she needs to manage the various side effects he or she will face both in the course of treatment and in resuming normal activities.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In particular, patients who have undergone cystectomy are given all the knowledge and assistance on <strong>how to manage the external urinary shunt or neobladder <\/strong>, and are offered a rehabilitation course for full recovery of urinary and sexual function.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Psychological support<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The impact of bladder cancer in a person&#8217;s life also affects the psychological sphere: in fact, getting cancer is <strong>always a traumatic event<\/strong> that affects all dimensions of a person and can generate anxiety, fear, anger, and depression.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In addition to this <strong>, the patient with bladder cancer sometimes also has to deal with sexual dysfunction and incontinence problems<\/strong> that can further impair his or her self-esteem.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Along with cutting-edge therapies, there must therefore always be <strong>psychological support<\/strong> in the treatment and care pathway of bladder cancer to help the patient manage not only physical pain but also psychological pain.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Therefore, at the Candiolo Institute, each patient in need is offered<strong> qualified psychological support<\/strong> to help him or her cope positively with the diagnosis, treatment, and side effects of therapies and to redefine their social and work roles.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>You <strong>can also participate in psychological support groups<\/strong> to compare yourself with others who have gone through or are going through the same experience.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Direct line to specialists<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To ensure <strong>timely and direct support<\/strong> and<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> r<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ice timely answers to concerns and questions, a dedicated helpline is in place at the Candiolo Institute for all patients. <\/span> <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monday through Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., you can <strong>contact the secretariat of the Oncology Day Hospital<\/strong> at 011.993.3775, reporting the need for urgent consultation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The patient will be <strong>quickly put in touch with their medical specialist<\/strong> for clear answers and immediate support.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Continuing and palliative care<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The cancer patient is a person with <strong>complex needs<\/strong> who requires <strong>multidisciplinary support<\/strong> not only for the cancer disease but also for all related issues.<\/p>\n<p>At the Candiolo Institute, patients who need or request it can access <strong>specialists in different areas<\/strong> to receive nutritional support, physical therapy, pain therapy, and management of other associated conditions.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Social work<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Social Service Department of the Candiolo Institute conducts <strong>information and orientation interviews for patients and their families<\/strong> on how to access services in the area and how to obtain welfare and social security benefits provided by law (disability, benefits for aids and prostheses, work leave, etc.).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The service operates on Wednesdays and Fridays from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. (phone: 011 9933059).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Follow up<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>With the conclusion of the course of treatment, the follow-up period begins during which, through a series of examinations and visits, the side effects of the therapies performed and their effectiveness are monitored and the patient&#8217;s recovery is assessed.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Follow-up visits are especially important to <strong>intercept any recurrences early<\/strong>, so that appropriate therapy can be intervened.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, the<strong>chance of recurrence<\/strong> after a first bladder tumor is<strong> quite high<\/strong>, so careful surveillance is necessary.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The <strong>frequency of follow-up visits depends on the stage of the disease<\/strong>, treatments, and the patient&#8217;s health status.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In general, if the patient has had a superficial tumor, a cystoscopy should be performed every three months for two years, then every six months for two years, and finally annually, each time associated with urinalysis.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>After radical bladder removal (cystectomy), various examinations are indicated, which may vary depending on symptoms and medical findings, and should be performed initially every six months, then once a year.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"interdisciplinary-group\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Interdisciplinary Group<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Every cancer requires, in all phases of disease management, a<strong> multidisciplinary approach<\/strong> that at the Candiolo Institute is guaranteed by a team of different specialists, belonging to the various clinical and surgical departments of the Institute: this team is called GIC (Interdisciplinary Care Group). The GIC ensures that<strong> each patient is taken care of throughout the diagnostic-therapeutic process<\/strong>, including prescribing and booking examinations and communicating with the patient and his or her family members. The GIC defines and shares a <strong>personalized care pathway<\/strong> for each patient, based not only on the type and stage of the tumor, but also on the patient&#8217;s own characteristics. The goal is to ensure that he or she has the best outcome both oncologically and functionally and the maintenance of a good quality of life.The Group also<strong> works closely with researchers<\/strong> at the Institute to ensure that patients have rapid access to the latest research-produced innovations in screening, diagnosis and treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-divisions\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical divisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The diagnostic and therapeutic pathway for bladder cancer at Candiolo involves several clinical divisions, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/urological-surgery\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5130\">Urological Surgery<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/medical-oncology\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5169\">Medical Oncology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/anesthesia-and-resuscitation\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5185\">Anesthesia and resuscitation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/nuclear-medicine\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5106\">Nuclear medicine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiotherapy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5104\">Radiotherapy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiodiagnostics\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5101\">Radiodiagnostics<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/pathologic-anatomy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5118\">Pathologic anatomy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-studies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical studies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Several experimental and clinical studies<\/strong> are underway at the Candiolo Institute <strong>as part of national and international projects<\/strong> on bladder cancer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>studies to<strong>identify new molecular markers <\/strong>that could allow early, noninvasive diagnosis of the disease through urine testing;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>search for specific mutations that can help<strong> identify cancers early<\/strong>, provide information about their evolution, and help develop targeted drugs;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>in the field of <strong>robotic surgery, <\/strong>specific clinical trials are underway to identify and standardize the benefits derived from the use of this approach on patients with bladder cancer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"why-choose-us\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Why choose us<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At Candiolo IRCCS Institute, every bladder cancer patient is<strong> followed in a highly specialized manner<\/strong>, thanks to the synergistic work of a dedicated <a href=\"#gruppo-interdisciplinare\">Interdisciplinary Care Group (ICG) <\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c535861b352\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical experience and tailored approach<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Due to the high number of cases treated each year, the Candiolo Institute is a <strong>national reference for taking care of esophageal cancer.<\/strong> Our experience enables us to deal with even the most complex situations, always with a <strong>personalized approach<\/strong> built on the clinical and personal profile of each patient.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Imaging technologies and advanced diagnostics<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->Establishing the treatment plan always starts with an <strong>accurate and timely diagnosis<\/strong>. Patients have access to <strong>state-of-the-art imaging technologies<\/strong> that allow accurate assessment of the extent of the disease.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->In addition, the Institute offers <strong>advanced and sophisticated laboratory investigations<\/strong>, including molecular and genomic analyses, which are critical for identifying biological features of cancer and guiding therapeutic decisions.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Minimally invasive surgical techniques and multidisciplinarity<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>When indicated, surgery is performed with <strong>minimally invasive techniques<\/strong> (laparoscopic or thoracoscopic), which reduce operative trauma, promote faster recovery, and improve postoperative quality of life. Every treatment choice is defined within the GIC, ensuring a consistent and integrated approach.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical research and access to trials<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->As an IRCCS, the Candiolo Institute combines clinical practice with a <strong>strong vocation for scientific research.<\/strong> Patients can be evaluated for inclusion in active <strong>clinical trials<\/strong>, which represent a real chance to access <strong>innovative therapies<\/strong> not yet available in standard practice. Collaboration between care and research is a distinctive value that translates into <strong>concrete opportunities for the patient<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Care and support every step of the way<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Interdisciplinary Care Group takes care of the person at every stage: from diagnosis to treatment to <strong>follow-up<\/strong>, with attention to <strong>nutritional support<\/strong>, <strong>psychological health<\/strong>, and <strong>reintegration into daily life<\/strong>. The organization of checkups, visits and treatment is designed to ensure <strong>continuity and serenity<\/strong>, always valuing the human dimension of care.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5313","pathology","type-pathology","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bladder tumors - Istituto di Candiolo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bladder tumors: discover the advanced diagnostic and therapeutic pathway in Candiolo, just a few miles from Turin.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/bladder-tumors\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bladder tumors - 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