{"id":5389,"date":"2024-12-11T13:56:53","date_gmt":"2024-12-11T12:56:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/patologie\/thyroid-tumors-and-endocrine-glands\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T12:35:05","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T11:35:05","slug":"thyroid-tumors-and-endocrine-glands","status":"publish","type":"pathology","link":"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/thyroid-tumors-and-endocrine-glands\/","title":{"rendered":"Thyroid tumors and endocrine glands"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"pathology\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Pathology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Thyroid cancer is a neoplasm that originates from the cells of the thyroid <strong>gland<\/strong>, an <strong>endocrine gland<\/strong> located in the neck, just below the thyroid cartilage. The thyroid gland is shaped like a butterfly: the &#8220;wings&#8221; on either side of the larynx make up the lobes, while the central part joining them is called the isthmus. This gland<strong> produces hormones critical <\/strong>to the functioning of the body, regulating metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and, in children, physical and cognitive development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thyroid cancer<strong> mostly affects women between the ages of 40 and 60 <\/strong>and is the second most common cancer in women under the age of 50.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The numbers in Italy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>According to data from the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.registri-tumori.it\/cms\/pubblicazioni\/i-numeri-del-cancro-italia-2023\">AIRTUM registry,<\/a><\/strong> about 11,378 new diagnoses of thyroid cancer (8,322 women and 3,056 men) were registered in Italy in 2024. The number of diagnoses has increased in recent decades, in part because of the<strong>more widespread use of ultrasound<\/strong>, which has made it possible to detect very small and sometimes indolent tumors.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There are different types of thyroid cancer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Well-differentiated forms (papillary and follicular)<\/strong>: account for 85-90% of cases;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Poorly differentiated form<\/strong>: 5-7% of cases;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Medullary form<\/strong>: 5-7% of cases;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Undifferentiated or anaplastic form<\/strong>: 2-3% of cases; more aggressive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition to traditional classification, <strong>molecular characteristics of tumors<\/strong> are now taken into account, which can guide more personalized treatments. <strong> Prognosis<\/strong> depends on the type of tumor and whether molecular changes are present. Well-differentiated forms generally have an excellent prognosis, whereas poorly differentiated, medullary, and anaplastic forms require more complex approaches<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"symptoms\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Symptoms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The presence of nodules usually does not alter thyroid function, and often those affected do not experience specific symptoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>most common sign<\/strong> of thyroid cancer is the <strong>appearance of a<\/strong> single <strong>nodule<\/strong> within the gland, which<strong> can be felt on the neck<\/strong>. It is important to note that <strong>most thyroid nodules are not cancerous<\/strong>: in most cases they are benign formations. Only about 5-10% of nodules represent malignant tumors.<br><strong>In rare cases,<\/strong> especially in the more aggressive forms, the tumor may present from the beginning as a rapidly growing mass involving both the thyroid gland and laterocervical lymph nodes. Even in less aggressive tumors, lymph nodes can be affected, which is why careful ultrasound evaluation is essential in younger people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"risk-factors\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Risk factors<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Women<\/strong> are<strong> more affected than men <\/strong>in the ratio of 4 to 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Risk factors include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>iodine deficiency<\/strong>, which causes <strong>goiter<\/strong>, an increased volume of the thyroid gland, often characterized by numerous benign nodules of the gland. Goiter may predispose to malignant transformation of cells;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>exposure to ionizing radiation<\/strong>: thyroid cancer is more common in people who have been treated for various reasons with <strong>radiation therapy on the neck<\/strong> or who have been <strong>exposed to fallout from radioactive material<\/strong>. This effect of radiation is particularly pronounced in childhood or adolescence, and therefore<strong> medical radiation<\/strong> (such as CT scans and <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/aree-mediche\/radiodiagnostica\/\">X-rays<\/a>) should also be avoided if possible at this age, especially if it affects the neck;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Have a close relative<\/strong> who has had this type of cancer. The medullary form can be <strong>sporadic<\/strong> (affecting a single individual) or <strong>familial<\/strong> (occurring in multiple members of the same family). Sometimes it is associated with other endocrine neoplasms, such as pheochromocytoma, adenomas, and tumors of the endocrine pancreas and parathyroids: in which case it is called multiple endocrine neoplasm syndrome (MEN). Today the altered gene underlying this disease, the RET oncogene, is known, and its mutation is passed from parents to offspring. Family members of patients with bone marrow cancer are encouraged to undergo specialist examinations and genetic testing to check for the presence of the RET alteration responsible for, precisely, the inherited form.  <br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"diagnosis-and-examination\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Diagnosis and examination<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At the Candiolo Institute, the diagnostic pathway to ascertain the presence of thyroid cancer begins with an <strong>ENT examination<\/strong>, in which the ENT surgeon\/general surgeon, and endocrinologist participate. During the examination, the results of tests indicating thyroid function are evaluated if the patient has already had them, or new ones are prescribed. In addition, during the course of the examination, the patient always undergoes<strong>ultrasound<\/strong> and later, when necessary, other <strong>imaging<\/strong> and <strong>interventional diagnostic <\/strong> tests (ultrasound-guided needle aspiration).<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c3c868e0caa\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Ultrasound of the neck<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ultrasound of the neck is a noninvasive examination that is easy to perform. It provides high-resolution images of the thyroid gland and thus enables the following  <\/span><b>Highlight the presence of even very small nodules<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which cannot be manually discovered, to assess their size and main characteristics. It also allows examination of the status of surrounding tissues and lymph nodes.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Fibrolaryngoscopy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fibrolaryngoscopy is an endoscopic examination that the ENT specialist may deem necessary to <\/span><b>check the movement of the vocal cords <\/b>and to detect <b>any abnormalities on their surface<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. To perform it, a fiber-optic fiberscope is used, which, through a thin, flexible tube introduced through the patient&#8217;s nose, allows the physician a direct view of the area to be analyzed.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The examination is performed in an ENT outpatient clinic and can be done without the need for anesthetic or under local anesthesia.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Thyroid scintigraphy<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thyroid scintigraphy is used to <\/span><b>assess the overfunction of one or more nodes within the thyroid gland<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and helps to discriminate their <\/span><b>benign or malignant nature<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span> <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The patient is administered, intravenously, a <\/span><b>radioactive tracer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  (radiopertecnetate, 99mTc) that is picked up by thyroid cells. The radiation emitted by the tracer is detected by a special device (gamma camera) that processes the information and produces a map of the thyroid gland in which different types of nodules can be distinguished.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The<strong> procedure is simple and painless<\/strong>, and administration of the radiopharmaceutical does not cause allergic reactions.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">CT and MRI of the neck-thorax<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These radiological examinations may be necessary to get a better definition of the extent of the disease.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Parathyroid scintigraphy and PET scan<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Parathyroid Scintigraphy with 99mTc-sestaMIBI and PET scan with 18F-Choline are examinations that may be necessary when ultrasound or laboratory tests show a morphologic or functional abnormality of the parathyroid glands, small oval-shaped structures that are located near the thyroid gland or, more rarely, within it or in the mediastinum.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Needle aspiration<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the ultrasound scan shows the presence of suspicious nodules, it is necessary to <\/span><b>take some cells from them<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  To ascertain whether they are benign or malignant nodules. The collection, which is done through a procedure called <strong>needle aspiration,<\/strong> is usually done within seven days of the specialist visit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Needle aspiration is an<strong> outpatient procedure<\/strong> that does not require anesthesia. It consists of the introduction into suspicious nodules, under ultrasound guidance, of a fine needle with which a few cells are taken, which will then be examined by the<strong>anatomic pathologist<\/strong> to identify their characteristics.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Cytological examination<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cytological examination, i.e.<\/span><b>examination of the cellular material taken from the nodules<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, first determines whether the nodules are benign (the most common case) or malignant. If a tumor is confirmed, the anatomo-pathologist will define its characteristics.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thyroid cancers are divided into three main types:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">carcinoma <\/span><b>differentiated<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which may be papillary or follicular;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">carcinoma <\/span><b>bone marrow;<\/b><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">carcinoma <\/span><b>undifferentiated or anaplastic<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Papillary and follicular differentiated carcinomas are the most common (75% and 15% of all thyroid cancer cases, respectively) and also have the most favorable prognosis, with a survival rate of 90% at 20 years after diagnosis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Medullary carcinoma affects 5-10% of all cases of thyroid cancer. In one out of four cases it may be caused by hereditary mutation of the RET gene. This tumor tends to spread to other organs but also has a relatively favorable prognosis.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anaplastic carcinoma is the rarest of thyroid cancers (1-3% of cases) but also the most aggressive and difficult to treat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The cytology examination report will also indicate the <\/span><b>degree of malignancy of the nodules<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  Examine yourself. Depending on how high the probability is that a nodule is malignant, the report will contain the  <\/span><b>abbreviation TIR<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> followed by a number between 1 and 5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is the meaning of each acronym:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TIR 1: Needle aspiration did not provide sufficient cells to make a correct diagnosis, and it is generally recommended that the <\/span><b>repeat examination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with the exception of cystic lesions (TIR 1 C);<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TIR 2: nodule <\/span><b>benign<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">TIR 3: (TIR 3A and TIR 3B) examination of cells <\/span><b>is not sufficient to make the diagnosis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the tissue of the nodule must also be examined (histological examination);<\/span><\/li>\n<li>TIR 4: <b>suspected malignancy<\/b> of the nodule;<\/li>\n<li>TIR 5: <b>malignant<\/b> nodule.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"therapies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Therapies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As soon as the cytology results are available, each clinical case is discussed in the <a href=\"#gruppo-interdisciplinare\">Interdisciplinary Care Group (ICG) <\/a>-which includes surgeons, endocrinologists, nuclear physicians, and radiologists-to plan an <strong>individualized course of care<\/strong> for the patient.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The decision is made based on several factors, including the type of tumor, its extent, any side effects of treatment, and the patient&#8217;s overall health status. Once the entire pathway with different treatment options is defined, it is explained by the physician to the patient.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For selected patients<\/strong> with particularly aggressive cancers for whom standard therapies had not proven effective, there is also the possibility of receiving <strong>experimental therapies within<a href=\"#studi-clinici\"> clinical trials<\/a><\/strong> conducted by researchers at the Institute. In case this option is considered feasible by the multidisciplinary team, it will be proposed and explained to the patient with whom a shared decision will be made.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c3c868e0d27\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Surgical treatment<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surgery is usually the <\/span><b>first planned treatment<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which may be followed by any adjuvant therapies, that is, aimed at reducing the risk of metastasis or disease recurrence after surgery.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is generally preferred to <\/span><b>to remove the entire gland<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  (thyroidectomy surgery). However, if the malignant nodule is small, it can be treated by conservative lobectomy surgery, i.e., by the<\/span><b>Removal of only the part of the gland affected by the disease<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thyroidectomy surgery is performed through an<\/span><b>incision made in the anterior part of the neck<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. During surgery, to improve its effectiveness and avoid further subsequent surgery, the surgeon may perform intraoperative sampling of suspicious nodules or lymph nodes adjacent to the tumor.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surgery is always performed using the <\/span><b>recurrent nerve monitoring <\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(those that determine vocal cord movement), in order to reduce the risk of postoperative complications. In fact, a lesion of these nerves can result in impaired voice and sometimes even difficulty in breathing.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Complementary therapies<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Complementary or adjuvant therapies are indicated after surgery in cases of aggressive tumors that may recur or tend to invade other organs. The main adjuvant therapies for thyroid cancer are.  <\/span><b>radio-iodine therapy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><b>biological therapies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Radiometabolic therapy with radio-iodine<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radio-iodine Radiometabolic Therapy is used when the papillary or follicular thyroid tumor has <\/span><b>spread to neighboring tissues<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, neck lymph nodes or other organs, or if it shows special histological features (such as the presence of aggressive variants). <\/span> <\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The therapy, which is aimed at eliminating any remaining cancer cells in the body after surgery, consists of taking oral capsules of radioactive iodine (131I), which is picked up by residual thyroid cells (benign and malignant) and destroys them by electron emission.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treatment <strong>involves a few days&#8217; hospitalization<\/strong> in the Nuclear Medicine Department, which is necessary to allow physical decay of the administered radiopharmaceutical and\/or its elimination by dejection.  <\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Biological or molecularly targeted therapies<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biological therapies (targeted or molecularly targeted therapies) are <\/span><b>targeted drugs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">  toward certain molecules present only on tumor cells and acting against one or more tumor-specific growth mechanisms. They are indicated in rare cases where radio-iodine therapy has not been effective and in advanced or metastatic cancer.  <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The choice of the most suitable biological therapy is made based on the histological features of the tumor, including whether there are mutations in the tumor cells.  <\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"ongoing-support\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Ongoing support<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At our institute, we ensure <strong>constant support before, during and after treatment <\/strong>to accompany each patient throughout the entire course of treatment and recovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c3c868e0d76\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Psychological support<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The impact of cancer in a person&#8217;s life also affects the<strong> psychological sphere:<\/strong> getting cancer is in fact always a <strong>traumatic event<\/strong> that affects all dimensions of a person and can generate anxiety, fear, anger, and depression.<\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} --><\/p>\n<p>At the Candiolo Institute, alongside cutting-edge therapies, the treatment and care pathway always includes a <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/aree-mediche\/psicologia\/\"><strong>qualified psycho-oncological support<\/strong><\/a> that helps the patient cope positively not only with treatment but also with the delicate phase of physical and psychological recovery.<\/p>\n<p>You can also participate in<strong> psychological support groups<\/strong> to compare yourself with others who have gone through or are going through the same experience.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Direct line to specialists<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>To ensure timely <strong>and direct support<\/strong> and receive prompt answers to concerns and questions, a dedicated helpline is in place at the Candiolo Institute for all patients.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Monday through Friday, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., you can <strong>contact the secretariat of the <a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/aree-mediche\/day-hospital-oncologico\/\">Oncology Day Hospital<\/a><\/strong> at 011.993.3775, reporting the need for urgent consultation.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The patient will be <strong>quickly put in touch with their medical specialist<\/strong> for clear answers and immediate support.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Continuing and palliative care<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The cancer patient is a person with <strong>complex needs<\/strong> who requires <strong>multidisciplinary support<\/strong> not only for the cancer disease but also for all related issues.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>At the Candiolo Institute, patients who need or request it can access <strong>specialists in different areas<\/strong> to receive nutritional support, physical therapy, pain therapy, and management of other associated conditions.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Social work<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Social Service Department of the Candiolo Institute conducts <strong>information and orientation interviews for patients and their families<\/strong> on how to access services in the area and how to obtain welfare and social security benefits provided by law (disability, benefits for aids and prostheses, work leave, etc.).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The service operates on Wednesdays and Fridays from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. (phone: 011 9933059).<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Follow up<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>With the conclusion of the treatment course begins the follow-up period, which consists of a <strong>long-term follow-up program<\/strong> customized for each patient based on the type of cancer treated, age, and risk of disease recurrence (recurrence).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><strong>Most<\/strong> thyroid tumors have a <strong>low risk<\/strong> of <strong>recurrence;<\/strong> however, since the tumor can recur even many years after diagnosis, <strong>periodic checkups should be performed throughout life<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>During follow-up visits, the patient&#8217;s health condition is assessed and the results of any required tests, <strong>usually blood tests and ultrasound of the neck<\/strong>, are viewed; only in selected cases may the physician prescribe radio-iodine scintigraphy or other second-tier tests (CT, PET, or MRI scans).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Patients whose thyroid gland has been removed must take lifelong <strong>hormone replacement therapy<\/strong>, which is necessary to provide the body with hormones normally produced by the thyroid gland that are essential for the performance of many vital functions. Therapy is taken daily by mouth.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"interdisciplinary-group\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Interdisciplinary Group<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Every cancer requires, in all phases of disease management, a<strong> multidisciplinary approach<\/strong> that at the Candiolo Institute is guaranteed by a team of different specialists, belonging to the various clinical and surgical departments of the Institute: this team is called GIC (Interdisciplinary Care Group). The GIC ensures that<strong> each patient is taken care of throughout the diagnostic-therapeutic process<\/strong>, including prescribing and booking examinations and communicating with the patient and his or her family members. The GIC defines and shares a <strong>personalized care pathway<\/strong> for each patient, based not only on the type and stage of the tumor, but also on the patient&#8217;s own characteristics. The goal is to ensure that he or she has the best outcome both oncologically and functionally and the maintenance of a good quality of life.The Group also<strong> works closely with researchers<\/strong> at the Institute to ensure that patients have rapid access to the latest research-produced innovations in screening, diagnosis and treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-divisions\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical divisions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The diagnostic and therapeutic pathway of thyroid and endocrine gland cancer at Candiolo involves several clinical divisions, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/oncologic-surgery\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5163\">Oncologic surgery<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/otolaryngology\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5115\">Otolaryngology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/anesthesia-and-resuscitation\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5185\">Anesthesia and resuscitation<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/medical-oncology\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5169\">Medical oncology<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/nuclear-medicine\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5106\">Nuclear medicine<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiotherapy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5104\">Radiotherapy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/radiodiagnostics\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5101\">Radiodiagnostics<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/divisioni-cliniche\/pathologic-anatomy\/\" type=\"medical-area\" id=\"5118\">Pathologic anatomy<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"clinical-studies\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Clinical studies<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At the Candiolo Institute, the main areas of study on thyroid cancers include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use of state-of-the-art<strong> diagnostic techniques<\/strong> that allow<strong> analysis of<\/strong> cell<strong> DNA and RNA<\/strong>. In more complex cases, molecular investigations are performed to help<strong>identify new tumor types<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>search for new <strong>molecular markers<\/strong>, i.e., indicators in blood or tissue linked to the development of thyroid malignancies. With these tests, it is possible to more accurately assess whether a thyroid nodule is malignant before possible surgery;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Analysis of specific <strong>genetic mutations<\/strong> associated with more aggressive forms of thyroid cancer. By analyzing samples of difficult-to-classify nodules, it is possible to better understand how aggressive the lesion may be and thus improve patient management by tailoring treatment to the tumor&#8217;s characteristics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span  id=\"why-choose-us\" class=\"h2_anchor\"><\/span>Why choose us<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At Candiolo IRCCS Institute, every thyroid cancer patient is<strong> followed in a highly specialized manner<\/strong>, thanks to the synergistic work of a dedicated <a href=\"#gruppo-interdisciplinare\">Interdisciplinary Care Group (ICG) <\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\t<div id=\"block_69c3c868e0da5\" class=\"accordion-block acf-block\">\n\t\t<div class=\"my-4 lg:my-6\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical experience and tailored approach<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Due to the high number of cases treated each year, the Candiolo Institute is a <strong>national reference for taking care of esophageal cancer.<\/strong> Our experience enables us to deal with even the most complex situations, always with a <strong>personalized approach<\/strong> built on the clinical and personal profile of each patient.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Imaging technologies and advanced diagnostics<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->Establishing the treatment plan always starts with an <strong>accurate and timely diagnosis<\/strong>. Patients have access to <strong>state-of-the-art imaging technologies<\/strong> that allow accurate assessment of the extent of the disease.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->In addition, the Institute offers <strong>advanced and sophisticated laboratory investigations<\/strong>, including molecular and genomic analyses, which are critical for identifying biological features of cancer and guiding therapeutic decisions.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Minimally invasive surgical techniques and multidisciplinarity<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>When indicated, surgery is performed with <strong>minimally invasive techniques<\/strong> (laparoscopic or thoracoscopic), which reduce operative trauma, promote faster recovery, and improve postoperative quality of life. Every treatment choice is defined within the GIC, ensuring a consistent and integrated approach.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Clinical research and access to trials<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h3>\n<p><!-- \/wp:heading --><\/p>\n<p><!-- wp:paragraph -->As an IRCCS, the Candiolo Institute combines clinical practice with a <strong>strong vocation for scientific research.<\/strong> Patients can be evaluated for inclusion in active <strong>clinical trials<\/strong>, which represent a real chance to access <strong>innovative therapies<\/strong> not yet available in standard practice. Collaboration between care and research is a distinctive value that translates into <strong>concrete opportunities for the patient<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion group border-b border-white\/5\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"flex items-center cursor-pointer group-hover:text-blue-light group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-colors\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rotate-90 text-blue-lighter group-[.accordion--open]:rotate-180 group-[.accordion--open]:text-red transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg width=\"18\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\" fill=\"currentColor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<polygon points=\"250,60 100,400 400,400\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"font-bold ml-5\">Care and support every step of the way<\/h3>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"accordion-content max-h-0 overflow-hidden transition-all\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pb-5 pl-[38px] pt-1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Interdisciplinary Care Group takes care of the person at every stage: from diagnosis to treatment to <strong>follow-up<\/strong>, with attention to <strong>nutritional support<\/strong>, <strong>psychological health<\/strong>, and <strong>reintegration into daily life<\/strong>. The organization of checkups, visits and treatment is designed to ensure <strong>continuity and serenity<\/strong>, always valuing the human dimension of care.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5389","pathology","type-pathology","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Thyroid tumors and endocrine glands - Istituto di Candiolo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Everything you need to know about pathology and the advanced diagnostic and therapeutic pathway at the Candiolo IRCCS Institute, just a few miles from Turin.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/irccs.com\/en\/patologie\/thyroid-tumors-and-endocrine-glands\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Thyroid tumors and endocrine glands - 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